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美國經(jīng)濟(jì)非常糟糕,但仍然不乏贏家

HILLARY HOFFOWER
2022-06-14

通貨膨脹抵消了因大辭職浪潮帶來的工資上漲,而且許多美國人變得比以前更加貧窮,但有兩類人從中從中獲益。

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雞蛋等基本食品的成本持續(xù)上漲,迫使許多美國人精打細(xì)算。圖片來源:彭博社/蓋蒂圖片社

美國目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì),類似于“選擇自己的冒險(xiǎn)歷程”的狀況。

美國通脹率居高不下,但工資同樣上漲。2022年股價(jià)下跌,但自2020年以來依舊大幅上漲。很多人發(fā)出了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的警告,但消費(fèi)者依舊在大肆消費(fèi)。盡管有各種積極的跡象,但似乎所有人都感覺經(jīng)濟(jì)一團(tuán)糟,就連藝人卡迪·B也對(duì)此感到苦惱,與珍妮特·耶倫爭(zhēng)論美國是否正在經(jīng)歷經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

目前的情況與2021年相去甚遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)時(shí),在新冠疫情衰退之后,美國總統(tǒng)喬·拜登已經(jīng)找到了實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的密碼。第三輪刺激計(jì)劃使美國人的儲(chǔ)蓄達(dá)到驚人的4.2萬億美元,刺激就業(yè)市場(chǎng)繁榮,使失業(yè)率降至史上最低水平。勞動(dòng)者成為就業(yè)市場(chǎng)上的贏家,平均每個(gè)月有400萬人跳槽,尋找薪酬更高的工作。經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激政策和工資上漲讓美國人手中積攢了大量現(xiàn)金,于是人們開始瘋狂消費(fèi),使美國進(jìn)入了自1984年以來規(guī)模最大的一次經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張。

但每一朵玫瑰花上都有尖刺。2022年,由于供應(yīng)短缺,美國人依舊在等待他們幾個(gè)月前訂購的沙發(fā),而中國疫情和俄烏沖突讓情況更加惡化。周五公布的消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)清晰地顯示出美國面臨的最大問題是通脹,目前始終維持在40年最高水平。

盡管如此,在如此瘋狂的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)下,依舊有人受益。你或許就是其中之一。

“樂觀差距”

去年大部分時(shí)間,當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮遭遇許多不同尋常的趨勢(shì),例如大辭職浪潮,有一件奇怪的事情發(fā)生:盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)超出預(yù)期,但上個(gè)月的消費(fèi)者信心卻降至十年最低。與此同時(shí),參與調(diào)查的美國人又表示他們過得不錯(cuò)。這就是所謂的“樂觀差距”,而且?guī)资陙恚?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們因?yàn)檫@種情況傷透了腦筋。

隨著通脹持續(xù)攀升,面對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的陰影,這種樂觀心態(tài)可能會(huì)開始減弱。雖然耶倫在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域擁有數(shù)十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn),但卡迪·B的觀點(diǎn)卻很有道理。

通貨膨脹抵消了因大辭職浪潮帶來的工資上漲,而且許多美國人變得比以前更加貧窮。本周,通脹率加速提高到8.6%,這個(gè)問題似乎在短期內(nèi)難以得到解決。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)試圖通過加息降低通脹,卻引發(fā)了對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的恐慌。

有兩類美國人將跑贏高通脹和即將到來的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

房東和跳槽者成為贏家

在當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)下高枕無憂的美國人,都是疫情期間出現(xiàn)的兩大最繁榮市場(chǎng)的受益者,分別是:房地產(chǎn)和就業(yè)市場(chǎng)。

遠(yuǎn)程辦公者從狹窄的城市公寓搬到寬敞的郊區(qū),導(dǎo)致房價(jià)暴漲,按照Housingwire首席分析師羅根·莫塔沙米對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志的說法,房價(jià)暴漲導(dǎo)致房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)“嚴(yán)重不健康”。

但這也使業(yè)主的財(cái)富大幅增加,可動(dòng)用凈值達(dá)到近10萬億美元。到去年年底,42%的業(yè)主被認(rèn)為擁有高價(jià)值房產(chǎn)(抵押貸款占房屋價(jià)值的比例不超過一半),相比之下,2020年年底這一比例為30%。

而曾經(jīng)在大辭職浪潮中辭職的工作者,如果足夠幸運(yùn)獲得的加薪高于40年最高水平通脹,他們的收入同樣將高于平均水平。美國經(jīng)濟(jì)咨商會(huì)(Conference Board)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家埃里克·倫德曾在1月底告訴《財(cái)富》雜志:“今年工資水平將繼續(xù)大幅上漲。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)不會(huì)結(jié)束?!?/p>

美國經(jīng)濟(jì)咨商會(huì)對(duì)近2,600名美國上班族的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),接近三分之一在疫情期間開始從事新工作的受訪者收入增加了30%以上。開市客(Costco)、亞馬遜(Amazon)和塔吉特(Target)過去幾年都提高了最低工資,連工薪階層的工資也在上漲。

就業(yè)市場(chǎng)中有大量職位空缺特別是初級(jí)崗位,這尤其讓Z世代受益匪淺。人手不足增加了對(duì)人才的需求,使應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生在找工作時(shí)有更多選擇和要求。

租房者、富人和窮人成為輸家

其他美國人對(duì)過熱的經(jīng)濟(jì)感覺并不好。比如,在96%的區(qū)域房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)估值過高[根據(jù)穆迪分析(Moody’s Analytics)為《財(cái)富》雜志統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)]的情況下試圖買房的購房者。房屋中位數(shù)售價(jià)創(chuàng)歷史新高,中產(chǎn)階級(jí)擁有房產(chǎn)的夢(mèng)想隨之破滅。

相反,他們要努力支付史上最高的租金。在5月的CPI中,房租占40%。這尤其對(duì)紐約等大城市的居民來說是壞消息?,F(xiàn)在,紐約市民的收入需要達(dá)到16萬美元,才能在曼哈頓租得起一套普通一居室。

然而對(duì)通脹感受最強(qiáng)烈的是低收入家庭,因?yàn)榈褪杖爰彝ド畋匦杵废M(fèi)的占比更高??茽柺堪儇洠↘ohl’s)和沃爾瑪(Walmart)都發(fā)現(xiàn),顧客開始減少支出,選擇更經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的替代品,或者干脆不購買某些商品。

來自俄勒岡州波特蘭的一位單親媽媽坦雅·巴勒姆,為了抵消食品成本上漲的影響,決定取消流媒體訂閱服務(wù)。巴勒姆在5月告訴《財(cái)富》雜志:“我們無論如何無法享受奢侈的生活。我們只是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)?!比欢浬蠞q迫使她和其他許多人更加嚴(yán)格地制定預(yù)算和改變消費(fèi)行為。

任何社會(huì)階層都無法避免通脹的影響,使美國人的財(cái)富較六個(gè)月前已經(jīng)縮水。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的最新《美國金融賬戶報(bào)告》(Financial Accounts of the United States)顯示,由于投資價(jià)值下降,從1月到3月,美國家庭財(cái)產(chǎn)凈值減少了5,000億美元。如果不是房屋業(yè)主的凈值提高,家庭財(cái)富縮水的程度可能更加嚴(yán)重。

這對(duì)于所有人來說都不是好消息,尤其是富人,因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)承受更大的損失。隨著加密貨幣和股市暴跌,截至5月,全球500大富豪損失了1萬億美元。有豐厚儲(chǔ)蓄的退休人員,也在眼睜睜看著自己的養(yǎng)老金因?yàn)橥ㄘ浥蛎洸粩嗫s水,甚至有人考慮重新就業(yè)。

但通脹并沒有阻止富人大肆消費(fèi)。持續(xù)消費(fèi)使通脹不斷上漲,再加上美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)加息,可能讓美國陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。到那時(shí),即使當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)下的贏家也將蒙受損失。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

美國目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì),類似于“選擇自己的冒險(xiǎn)歷程”的狀況。

美國通脹率居高不下,但工資同樣上漲。2022年股價(jià)下跌,但自2020年以來依舊大幅上漲。很多人發(fā)出了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的警告,但消費(fèi)者依舊在大肆消費(fèi)。盡管有各種積極的跡象,但似乎所有人都感覺經(jīng)濟(jì)一團(tuán)糟,就連藝人卡迪·B也對(duì)此感到苦惱,與珍妮特·耶倫爭(zhēng)論美國是否正在經(jīng)歷經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

目前的情況與2021年相去甚遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)時(shí),在新冠疫情衰退之后,美國總統(tǒng)喬·拜登已經(jīng)找到了實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的密碼。第三輪刺激計(jì)劃使美國人的儲(chǔ)蓄達(dá)到驚人的4.2萬億美元,刺激就業(yè)市場(chǎng)繁榮,使失業(yè)率降至史上最低水平。勞動(dòng)者成為就業(yè)市場(chǎng)上的贏家,平均每個(gè)月有400萬人跳槽,尋找薪酬更高的工作。經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激政策和工資上漲讓美國人手中積攢了大量現(xiàn)金,于是人們開始瘋狂消費(fèi),使美國進(jìn)入了自1984年以來規(guī)模最大的一次經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張。

但每一朵玫瑰花上都有尖刺。2022年,由于供應(yīng)短缺,美國人依舊在等待他們幾個(gè)月前訂購的沙發(fā),而中國疫情和俄烏沖突讓情況更加惡化。周五公布的消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)清晰地顯示出美國面臨的最大問題是通脹,目前始終維持在40年最高水平。

盡管如此,在如此瘋狂的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)下,依舊有人受益。你或許就是其中之一。

“樂觀差距”

去年大部分時(shí)間,當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮遭遇許多不同尋常的趨勢(shì),例如大辭職浪潮,有一件奇怪的事情發(fā)生:盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)超出預(yù)期,但上個(gè)月的消費(fèi)者信心卻降至十年最低。與此同時(shí),參與調(diào)查的美國人又表示他們過得不錯(cuò)。這就是所謂的“樂觀差距”,而且?guī)资陙?,?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們因?yàn)檫@種情況傷透了腦筋。

隨著通脹持續(xù)攀升,面對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的陰影,這種樂觀心態(tài)可能會(huì)開始減弱。雖然耶倫在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域擁有數(shù)十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn),但卡迪·B的觀點(diǎn)卻很有道理。

通貨膨脹抵消了因大辭職浪潮帶來的工資上漲,而且許多美國人變得比以前更加貧窮。本周,通脹率加速提高到8.6%,這個(gè)問題似乎在短期內(nèi)難以得到解決。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)試圖通過加息降低通脹,卻引發(fā)了對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的恐慌。

有兩類美國人將跑贏高通脹和即將到來的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

房東和跳槽者成為贏家

在當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)下高枕無憂的美國人,都是疫情期間出現(xiàn)的兩大最繁榮市場(chǎng)的受益者,分別是:房地產(chǎn)和就業(yè)市場(chǎng)。

遠(yuǎn)程辦公者從狹窄的城市公寓搬到寬敞的郊區(qū),導(dǎo)致房價(jià)暴漲,按照Housingwire首席分析師羅根·莫塔沙米對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志的說法,房價(jià)暴漲導(dǎo)致房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)“嚴(yán)重不健康”。

但這也使業(yè)主的財(cái)富大幅增加,可動(dòng)用凈值達(dá)到近10萬億美元。到去年年底,42%的業(yè)主被認(rèn)為擁有高價(jià)值房產(chǎn)(抵押貸款占房屋價(jià)值的比例不超過一半),相比之下,2020年年底這一比例為30%。

而曾經(jīng)在大辭職浪潮中辭職的工作者,如果足夠幸運(yùn)獲得的加薪高于40年最高水平通脹,他們的收入同樣將高于平均水平。美國經(jīng)濟(jì)咨商會(huì)(Conference Board)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家埃里克·倫德曾在1月底告訴《財(cái)富》雜志:“今年工資水平將繼續(xù)大幅上漲。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)不會(huì)結(jié)束?!?/p>

美國經(jīng)濟(jì)咨商會(huì)對(duì)近2,600名美國上班族的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),接近三分之一在疫情期間開始從事新工作的受訪者收入增加了30%以上。開市客(Costco)、亞馬遜(Amazon)和塔吉特(Target)過去幾年都提高了最低工資,連工薪階層的工資也在上漲。

就業(yè)市場(chǎng)中有大量職位空缺特別是初級(jí)崗位,這尤其讓Z世代受益匪淺。人手不足增加了對(duì)人才的需求,使應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生在找工作時(shí)有更多選擇和要求。

租房者、富人和窮人成為輸家

其他美國人對(duì)過熱的經(jīng)濟(jì)感覺并不好。比如,在96%的區(qū)域房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)估值過高[根據(jù)穆迪分析(Moody’s Analytics)為《財(cái)富》雜志統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)]的情況下試圖買房的購房者。房屋中位數(shù)售價(jià)創(chuàng)歷史新高,中產(chǎn)階級(jí)擁有房產(chǎn)的夢(mèng)想隨之破滅。

相反,他們要努力支付史上最高的租金。在5月的CPI中,房租占40%。這尤其對(duì)紐約等大城市的居民來說是壞消息。現(xiàn)在,紐約市民的收入需要達(dá)到16萬美元,才能在曼哈頓租得起一套普通一居室。

然而對(duì)通脹感受最強(qiáng)烈的是低收入家庭,因?yàn)榈褪杖爰彝ド畋匦杵废M(fèi)的占比更高??茽柺堪儇洠↘ohl’s)和沃爾瑪(Walmart)都發(fā)現(xiàn),顧客開始減少支出,選擇更經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的替代品,或者干脆不購買某些商品。

來自俄勒岡州波特蘭的一位單親媽媽坦雅·巴勒姆,為了抵消食品成本上漲的影響,決定取消流媒體訂閱服務(wù)。巴勒姆在5月告訴《財(cái)富》雜志:“我們無論如何無法享受奢侈的生活。我們只是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。”然而通脹上漲迫使她和其他許多人更加嚴(yán)格地制定預(yù)算和改變消費(fèi)行為。

任何社會(huì)階層都無法避免通脹的影響,使美國人的財(cái)富較六個(gè)月前已經(jīng)縮水。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的最新《美國金融賬戶報(bào)告》(Financial Accounts of the United States)顯示,由于投資價(jià)值下降,從1月到3月,美國家庭財(cái)產(chǎn)凈值減少了5,000億美元。如果不是房屋業(yè)主的凈值提高,家庭財(cái)富縮水的程度可能更加嚴(yán)重。

這對(duì)于所有人來說都不是好消息,尤其是富人,因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)承受更大的損失。隨著加密貨幣和股市暴跌,截至5月,全球500大富豪損失了1萬億美元。有豐厚儲(chǔ)蓄的退休人員,也在眼睜睜看著自己的養(yǎng)老金因?yàn)橥ㄘ浥蛎洸粩嗫s水,甚至有人考慮重新就業(yè)。

但通脹并沒有阻止富人大肆消費(fèi)。持續(xù)消費(fèi)使通脹不斷上漲,再加上美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)加息,可能讓美國陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。到那時(shí),即使當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)下的贏家也將蒙受損失。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

Today’s economy is a choose-your-own-adventure situation.

Inflation is high, but so are wages. Stocks are down in 2022, but still up substantially since 2020. Recession warnings abound, but consumers are still spending like mad. But despite all the positive signs, the economy kind of sucks for almost everyone—even Cardi B is feeling the pinch, arguing with Janet Yellen about whether a recession is under way.

It’s a far cry from 2021, when it seemed like President Joe Biden had cracked the economic comeback code following the coronavirus recession. A third round of stimulus checks left Americans sitting atop a whopping $4.2 trillion in savings and supercharged a jobs boom that led to record-low unemployment rates. Employees have been winning the labor market as an average of 4 million workers have quit their jobs every month for roles offering better pay. Flush with cash from stimulus and higher wages, Americans unleashed a major shopping spree, sending the U.S. into its biggest economic expansion since 1984.

But every rose has its thorn, and in 2022, people are still waiting for the couch they ordered months ago thanks to an ongoing supply shortage, which lockdowns in China and the Russia-Ukraine war just exacerbated. As Friday’s CPI print makes clear, the biggest pain point is inflation, which keeps on setting fresh 40-year highs.

There are still some people who are winners in the crazy economy, though. Maybe you’re one of them.

The ‘optimism gap’

For much of the last year, as the booming economy coincided with several unusual trends like the Great Resignation, a strange thing happened: Despite the economy outperforming expectations, consumer sentiment dropped to a decade low last month. But in the same surveys, Americans report they are doing fine themselves. This is called the “optimism gap,” and economists have puzzled over it for decades.

As inflation continues to soar and a recession looms, that optimism will likely start to wane. Yellen might have decades of economic experience, but Cardi B definitely has a point.

Inflation is gobbling up some of those Great Resignation raises, and a lot of Americans are just poorer than they used to be. Given that inflation accelerated to 8.6% just this week, it’s a problem that doesn’t seem to be abating anytime soon. The Fed is trying to cool things down by raising rates, but that is prompting widespread fears of recession.

Two clear groups of Americans are beating the high prices and the coming downturn.

Homeowners and job hoppers are winning the economy

The Americans sitting pretty in the economy right now have benefited from the pandemic’s two biggest booms: housing and jobs.

Remote workers drove housing prices skyward after fleeing cramped city apartments for the spacious suburbs, fueling what Housingwire lead analyst Logan Mohtashami described to Fortune as a “savagely unhealthy” housing market.

But it’s made homeowners richer than ever, with nearly $10 trillion in equity available. By the end of last year, 42% of homeowners were considered equity rich (their mortgages were half or less than half of their home value), compared to the 30% of homeowners who were at the end of 2020.

Workers who joined the Great Resignation are also rolling in the dough if they were lucky enough to receive pay bumps greater than even 40-year-high inflation. “We're going to continue to see pretty strong wage growth this year,” Erik Lundh, principal economist at the Conference Board, told Fortune at the end of January. “It's not going away.”

A Conference Board survey of nearly 2,600 U.S. office workers found that nearly a third of those who began a new job during the pandemic are earning over 30% more. Even the working class is benefiting from higher wages, with Costco, Amazon, and Target raised minimum wages over the past year.

Gen Zers in particular are cashing in on a job market rife with record openings, especially for entry-level jobs. The labor shortage has spurred a demand for talent that has enabled new graduates to be more selective and demanding when choosing a job.

Renters, the rich, and the poor are losing the economy

For the rest of America, an overheated economy isn’t feeling so hot. Just ask the aspiring homeowners trying to buy a house during a time when 96% of regional housing markets are overvalued, per data Moody’s Analytics pulled for Fortune. With median home sale prices hitting record highs, the dream of middle class homeownership no longer exists.

They’re instead stuck shelling out for all-time high rents, which are responsible for 40% of May’s CPI read. It’s especially bad for the big city urbanites in places like New York City, who now need to earn $160,000 to afford median one-bedroom rent in Manhattan.

But it’s the lower-income households who are feeling the burn of inflation the most, because they spend a greater share of their total spending on necessities. Both Kohl’s and Walmart noted that customers were starting to reel in their spending by shifting to more affordable alternatives or avoiding some purchases altogether.

Tanya Barham, a single mother based in Portland, Ore., made the decision to cancel her streaming subscriptions in order to help offset rising food costs.“ We don't live an extravagant life by any means. We're solidly middle class,” Barham told Fortune in May. But rising inflation has forced her, and many others, to take a hard look at their budgets and make changes.

Inflation has left no social class untouched, making Americans worth less than they were six months ago. The Federal Reserve’s latest report on the Financial Accounts of the United States found that household net worth fell by $500 billion from January to March due to a drop in investment value. If it weren’t for the home-owning winners raking in equity, that wealth drop would have been even more drastic.

It’s not good news for anyone, especially the rich, who have more money to lose. As both crypto and stocks plunge, the world’s 500 richest people lost $1 trillion as of May. Even retirees with fat savings are watching inflation eat away at their nest eggs, prompting some to consider returning to work.

But inflation hasn’t prevented the rich from splurging. Consistent spending keeps driving up inflation and the Fed to push up interest rates, which could send us into a recession. And then, even the economic winners end up losing.

財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)所刊載內(nèi)容之知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為財(cái)富媒體知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)有限公司及/或相關(guān)權(quán)利人專屬所有或持有。未經(jīng)許可,禁止進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)載、摘編、復(fù)制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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