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美國(guó)用工荒緩解,但這不意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)不會(huì)衰退

Megan Leonhardt
2022-07-14

在新冠疫情期間,美國(guó)的私營(yíng)行業(yè)遭遇了失業(yè)潮,但目前已經(jīng)完全恢復(fù)。

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隨著美國(guó)從新冠疫情期間的失業(yè)潮中完全恢復(fù),它將走向何方?

今年7月8日發(fā)布的就業(yè)報(bào)告顯示,美國(guó)的就業(yè)狀況好于預(yù)期,6月新增37.2萬(wàn)個(gè)就業(yè)崗位。事實(shí)上,美國(guó)目前已經(jīng)從私營(yíng)行業(yè)在新冠疫情期間的失業(yè)潮中完全恢復(fù)。

但由于持續(xù)的高通脹和美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)(Federal Reserve)繼續(xù)加息的可能性,社會(huì)各界普遍擔(dān)心美國(guó)將陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)公司Lightcast的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家羅恩·赫特里克表示,這是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)和就業(yè)市場(chǎng)之間可能日益脫節(jié)。赫特里克說(shuō):“作為在過(guò)去三四十年成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的一代人,我們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)下行時(shí)伴隨著裁員的情況已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常?!彼匀绻凑談趧?dòng)力市場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)狀來(lái)判斷,美國(guó)不可能陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,對(duì)吧?

不要著急下結(jié)論。赫特里克指出,在新冠疫情之后的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇期間,公司實(shí)際上很難招聘到他們需要的足夠人手。截至今年5月,美國(guó)依舊有1130萬(wàn)個(gè)職位空缺,而且人員流動(dòng)率并沒(méi)有變化。每個(gè)月依舊有約400萬(wàn)上班族辭職。赫特里克稱:“你根本招不到人,也就不會(huì)有裁員一說(shuō)。”

所以,盡管沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間常見(jiàn)的裁員潮,但按照GDP計(jì)算,美國(guó)依舊有可能陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

美國(guó)勞工部(U.S. Department of Labor)的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家若埃勒·甘布爾承認(rèn),勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)系“目前并不明確”。

甘布爾對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示,在新冠疫情爆發(fā)之后,美國(guó)人經(jīng)歷了一次非同尋常的經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑和復(fù)蘇過(guò)程。她認(rèn)為,投資和政府刺激政策,尤其是“美國(guó)救助計(jì)劃”(American Rescue Plan),幫助加快了經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的步伐,“坦白說(shuō),這是非同尋常的?!?/p>

甘布爾說(shuō):“我們現(xiàn)在看到私營(yíng)行業(yè)的就業(yè)已經(jīng)完全恢復(fù)到新冠疫情之前的水平?!钡赋?,6月的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)低于今年早些時(shí)候的數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)時(shí),美國(guó)單月新增就業(yè)崗位接近50萬(wàn)個(gè)。她補(bǔ)充道,隨著美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)走出低迷,就業(yè)率將達(dá)到更高的水平,預(yù)計(jì)新增就業(yè)崗位會(huì)持續(xù)減少。

就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)速度放緩雖然是正?,F(xiàn)象,但它并不代表美國(guó)即將陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。甘布爾表示,還有其他原因讓她看好美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。她說(shuō):“在思考美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的未來(lái)時(shí),我會(huì)研究美國(guó)家庭和上班族的表現(xiàn)。包括低收入家庭在內(nèi),美國(guó)家庭財(cái)務(wù)狀況良好。這份報(bào)告顯然證明就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)依舊穩(wěn)定,而有工作對(duì)于保證穩(wěn)定收入至關(guān)重要。此外,消費(fèi)者正在繼續(xù)消費(fèi)?!?/p>

甘布爾補(bǔ)充道:“這些強(qiáng)勁的基本面消息,以及消費(fèi)驅(qū)動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu),確實(shí)會(huì)讓你停下來(lái),認(rèn)真思考如何評(píng)估宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。面對(duì)當(dāng)下如此獨(dú)特的大環(huán)境,我不會(huì)不懂裝懂,自以為無(wú)所不知。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

隨著美國(guó)從新冠疫情期間的失業(yè)潮中完全恢復(fù),它將走向何方?

今年7月8日發(fā)布的就業(yè)報(bào)告顯示,美國(guó)的就業(yè)狀況好于預(yù)期,6月新增37.2萬(wàn)個(gè)就業(yè)崗位。事實(shí)上,美國(guó)目前已經(jīng)從私營(yíng)行業(yè)在新冠疫情期間的失業(yè)潮中完全恢復(fù)。

但由于持續(xù)的高通脹和美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)(Federal Reserve)繼續(xù)加息的可能性,社會(huì)各界普遍擔(dān)心美國(guó)將陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)公司Lightcast的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家羅恩·赫特里克表示,這是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)和就業(yè)市場(chǎng)之間可能日益脫節(jié)。赫特里克說(shuō):“作為在過(guò)去三四十年成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的一代人,我們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)下行時(shí)伴隨著裁員的情況已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常。”所以如果按照勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)狀來(lái)判斷,美國(guó)不可能陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,對(duì)吧?

不要著急下結(jié)論。赫特里克指出,在新冠疫情之后的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇期間,公司實(shí)際上很難招聘到他們需要的足夠人手。截至今年5月,美國(guó)依舊有1130萬(wàn)個(gè)職位空缺,而且人員流動(dòng)率并沒(méi)有變化。每個(gè)月依舊有約400萬(wàn)上班族辭職。赫特里克稱:“你根本招不到人,也就不會(huì)有裁員一說(shuō)?!?/p>

所以,盡管沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間常見(jiàn)的裁員潮,但按照GDP計(jì)算,美國(guó)依舊有可能陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。

美國(guó)勞工部(U.S. Department of Labor)的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家若埃勒·甘布爾承認(rèn),勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)系“目前并不明確”。

甘布爾對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示,在新冠疫情爆發(fā)之后,美國(guó)人經(jīng)歷了一次非同尋常的經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑和復(fù)蘇過(guò)程。她認(rèn)為,投資和政府刺激政策,尤其是“美國(guó)救助計(jì)劃”(American Rescue Plan),幫助加快了經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的步伐,“坦白說(shuō),這是非同尋常的。”

甘布爾說(shuō):“我們現(xiàn)在看到私營(yíng)行業(yè)的就業(yè)已經(jīng)完全恢復(fù)到新冠疫情之前的水平?!钡赋?,6月的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)低于今年早些時(shí)候的數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)時(shí),美國(guó)單月新增就業(yè)崗位接近50萬(wàn)個(gè)。她補(bǔ)充道,隨著美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)走出低迷,就業(yè)率將達(dá)到更高的水平,預(yù)計(jì)新增就業(yè)崗位會(huì)持續(xù)減少。

就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)速度放緩雖然是正常現(xiàn)象,但它并不代表美國(guó)即將陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。甘布爾表示,還有其他原因讓她看好美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。她說(shuō):“在思考美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的未來(lái)時(shí),我會(huì)研究美國(guó)家庭和上班族的表現(xiàn)。包括低收入家庭在內(nèi),美國(guó)家庭財(cái)務(wù)狀況良好。這份報(bào)告顯然證明就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)依舊穩(wěn)定,而有工作對(duì)于保證穩(wěn)定收入至關(guān)重要。此外,消費(fèi)者正在繼續(xù)消費(fèi)?!?/p>

甘布爾補(bǔ)充道:“這些強(qiáng)勁的基本面消息,以及消費(fèi)驅(qū)動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu),確實(shí)會(huì)讓你停下來(lái),認(rèn)真思考如何評(píng)估宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。面對(duì)當(dāng)下如此獨(dú)特的大環(huán)境,我不會(huì)不懂裝懂,自以為無(wú)所不知?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

With pandemic job losses fully recovered, where does the U.S. go from here?

The July 8’s jobs report?highlighted a better-than-expected employment situation, with the U.S. adding 372,000 jobs in June. In fact, the U.S. has now fully recovered from private-sector pandemic job losses.

Yet there’s still widespread fears of a recession thanks to persistently high inflation and the potential for the Federal Reserve to continue increasing interest rates.

That’s because there may be a growing disconnect between the economy and the labor market, says Ron Hetrick, senior economist at labor market data firm Lightcast. “For anyone who grew up in the last 30 to 40 years, we’re used to downturns in the economy being accompanied by layoffs,” Hetrick says. So judging by the current labor market, there’s no way we could be heading into a recession, right?

Not so fast. Companies were never really able to hire up as much as they wanted during the economic recovery from the pandemic, Hetrick says. As of May, there were still 11.3 million job openings and the turnover rate was unchanged. Roughly 4 million workers are still quitting each month. “You can’t lay off what you were never able to hire,” Hetrick says.

So it’s not out of the realm of possibility that the U.S. could experience an economic downturn in terms of GDP, without seeing the wave of layoffs that typically go with a recession.

The labor market’s relationship with the wider economy is “really unclear at this point,” acknowledges Joelle Gamble, chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor.

Americans have experienced a very unusual downturn and recovery in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Gamble tells Fortune. The investments and government stimulus, particularly the American Rescue Plan, have helped facilitate a really fast recovery, which was “unusual, to be frank,” Gamble says.

“We now see that private sector employment is fully recovered from its pre-pandemic level,” she says. But Gamble noted that June's job numbers were not as high as they had been earlier this year when the U.S. was adding closer to half a million jobs a month. Still a decline is to be expected when an economy is reaching a higher level of employment coming out of a downturn, she adds.

This slowing job growth, while normal, isn’t a sign that a recession is right around the corner though. And there’s other reasons to be hopeful about the U.S. economic situation, Gamble says. “When I think about the future of the economy, I look at how American families and American workers are doing. Household balances are strong, including for low-income families. Obviously with this report, job growth remains steady, and having a job is essential for having a steady income. And customers are continuing to spend,” Gamble says.

“When you see those kinds of strong fundamentals—and an economy that's driven by consumer spending—it does bring you pause about how to actually assess the overall macro picture,” she adds. “I don't pretend to have all the answers about this very unique situation.”

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