羅伯特·席勒在2000年出版了一本名為《非理性繁榮》(Irrational Exuberance)的書(shū)作,并在書(shū)中預(yù)測(cè)了股市泡沫。不久之后,科技泡沫破滅了。2004年,這位耶魯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授呼吁人們警惕不斷攀升的房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格,并發(fā)表了題為《房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)是否存在泡沫?》(Is There a Bubble in the Housing Market?)的文章。2007年,席勒預(yù)測(cè)這一泡沫的破滅是不可避免的。不久之后,2008年美國(guó)房產(chǎn)泡沫便破滅了。
雖然疫情期間的房產(chǎn)熱已大幅降溫,但在過(guò)去兩年中將美國(guó)房產(chǎn)價(jià)格推高了42%,并引發(fā)了一個(gè)疑問(wèn):席勒是否認(rèn)為我們又進(jìn)入了房產(chǎn)泡沫?
8月7日,席勒接受了雅虎財(cái)經(jīng)(Yahoo Finance)的采訪。他對(duì)該媒體說(shuō),他覺(jué)得美國(guó)房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)正在向另一場(chǎng)災(zāi)難邁進(jìn)。
席勒說(shuō):“房產(chǎn)價(jià)格自2007-2009年經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之后并沒(méi)有下跌。如今的局面幾乎和當(dāng)時(shí)一樣糟糕。現(xiàn)有房產(chǎn)的銷量出現(xiàn)了下滑。許可申請(qǐng)也有所下滑。大量跡象表明,風(fēng)雨即將來(lái)臨,雖然可能不是災(zāi)難性的,但未雨綢繆的時(shí)候到了?!?/p>
席勒表示,房?jī)r(jià)下探的可能性非常大。
席勒告訴雅虎財(cái)經(jīng):“芝加哥商品交易所(Chicago Mercantile Exchange)為房?jī)r(jià)設(shè)立了期貨市場(chǎng)……目前處于現(xiàn)貨溢價(jià)階段;房?jī)r(jià)預(yù)計(jì)在2024年或2025年出現(xiàn)略高于10%的降幅。這是個(gè)合理的估計(jì)。如今,買房存在較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!?/p>
盡管全美房?jī)r(jià)的下滑鮮有發(fā)生,但偶爾也還是會(huì)出現(xiàn)。例如20世紀(jì)80年代初,還有20世紀(jì)90年代初,最顯著的還是2008年房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)崩盤(pán)后的那幾年。然而,像席勒所說(shuō)的10%的降幅還是很少見(jiàn)的。房?jī)r(jià)僅在大蕭條和大衰退時(shí)期出現(xiàn)過(guò)如此高的降幅。如果10%的房?jī)r(jià)降幅真的成為現(xiàn)實(shí),那么疫情房產(chǎn)熱在人們記憶中很有可能成為疫情房產(chǎn)泡沫。
從本質(zhì)來(lái)看,房產(chǎn)泡沫形成的背后有三大因素。
第一個(gè)因素是“投機(jī)”。在教科書(shū)式的房產(chǎn)泡沫中,大量的投資者和投機(jī)者將涌入市場(chǎng),追逐不斷飆升的房?jī)r(jià)。這種現(xiàn)象在過(guò)去兩年并不少見(jiàn)。不僅房產(chǎn)翻轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)人(home flippers,購(gòu)買舊房產(chǎn),翻新后再售賣出去——譯者注)回歸了,而且投資者也目睹了其獨(dú)戶住宅購(gòu)買比例升至創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的水平。房屋建造商也有點(diǎn)忘乎所以。需求是如此之旺盛,以至于建造商決定不用再去看買家的臉色。在業(yè)界,這類房產(chǎn)被稱之為投機(jī)房產(chǎn),而且在建數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的水平。
第二個(gè)因素是“定價(jià)過(guò)高”。在房產(chǎn)泡沫中,房?jī)r(jià)會(huì)遠(yuǎn)高于歷史上的收入支撐能力。CoreLogic、穆迪分析(Moody's Analytics)以及佛羅里達(dá)亞特蘭大大學(xué)(Florida Atlantic University)研究人員各自開(kāi)展的獨(dú)立調(diào)查顯示,我們已經(jīng)來(lái)到了這個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)。
投機(jī)?有了。定價(jià)過(guò)高?有了。
然而,我們依然沒(méi)看到第三個(gè)刺破泡沫的因素出現(xiàn)。如果房?jī)r(jià)不暴跌,那就不是房產(chǎn)泡沫。
盡管席勒認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)雙位數(shù)下滑,但業(yè)界很多人并不同意。抵押銀行協(xié)會(huì)(Mortgage Bankers Association)、房利美(Fannie Mae)、房地美(Freddie Mac)、CoreLogic和Zillow的預(yù)測(cè)模型顯示,在接下來(lái)的一年中,房?jī)r(jià)有望進(jìn)一步上升。與此同時(shí),John Burns Real Estate Consulting、凱投宏觀(Capital Economics)、Zelman & Associates和Zonda則預(yù)測(cè)房?jī)r(jià)會(huì)出現(xiàn)溫和的下探。
為什么一些業(yè)內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)下滑的概率不大?首先,美國(guó)已經(jīng)禁止了在10年前導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)崩盤(pán)的次級(jí)貸。何況,房屋所有者這一次背負(fù)的債務(wù)更少。在2007年,抵押貸款服務(wù)支出占到了美國(guó)可支配收入的7.2%。如今僅有3.8%。
一些公司拒絕看跌房?jī)r(jià)的另一個(gè)原因在于:房產(chǎn)存在歷史供應(yīng)不足的情況。
Zillow公司的發(fā)言人威爾·萊姆基對(duì)《財(cái)富》說(shuō):“我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家如今多少看到了這一點(diǎn):市場(chǎng)正在放緩,但房?jī)r(jià)并不會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)下滑。價(jià)格增幅會(huì)放緩/持平(與年初極快的增速相比),但供應(yīng)短缺是價(jià)格能夠繼續(xù)堅(jiān)挺的根本支撐?!?/p>
在房?jī)r(jià)唱衰者的眼中,像Zillow這類公司都低估了超額供應(yīng)的可能性。在他們看來(lái),所有這些在建的投機(jī)房產(chǎn)可能會(huì)在2023年在亞特蘭大、奧斯丁和達(dá)拉斯等類似市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)供應(yīng)過(guò)量的現(xiàn)象。而這種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生會(huì)給房?jī)r(jià)帶來(lái)下行壓力。
Zonda首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志說(shuō):“業(yè)界認(rèn)為房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)存在結(jié)構(gòu)性供應(yīng)不足的情況,然而,受周期性因素影響,這里存在一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):市場(chǎng)上的房屋供應(yīng)量會(huì)在短期內(nèi)超過(guò)買家的數(shù)量。我想大家都充分意識(shí)到,在部分市場(chǎng),房產(chǎn)庫(kù)存的增加可能并沒(méi)有趕上好時(shí)候,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)時(shí)期的需求出現(xiàn)了明顯的收縮。我們并不認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)只會(huì)上行……我們的預(yù)測(cè)顯示,房?jī)r(jià)將出現(xiàn)溫和下滑?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
羅伯特·席勒在2000年出版了一本名為《非理性繁榮》(Irrational Exuberance)的書(shū)作,并在書(shū)中預(yù)測(cè)了股市泡沫。不久之后,科技泡沫破滅了。2004年,這位耶魯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授呼吁人們警惕不斷攀升的房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格,并發(fā)表了題為《房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)是否存在泡沫?》(Is There a Bubble in the Housing Market?)的文章。2007年,席勒預(yù)測(cè)這一泡沫的破滅是不可避免的。不久之后,2008年美國(guó)房產(chǎn)泡沫便破滅了。
雖然疫情期間的房產(chǎn)熱已大幅降溫,但在過(guò)去兩年中將美國(guó)房產(chǎn)價(jià)格推高了42%,并引發(fā)了一個(gè)疑問(wèn):席勒是否認(rèn)為我們又進(jìn)入了房產(chǎn)泡沫?
8月7日,席勒接受了雅虎財(cái)經(jīng)(Yahoo Finance)的采訪。他對(duì)該媒體說(shuō),他覺(jué)得美國(guó)房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)正在向另一場(chǎng)災(zāi)難邁進(jìn)。
席勒說(shuō):“房產(chǎn)價(jià)格自2007-2009年經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之后并沒(méi)有下跌。如今的局面幾乎和當(dāng)時(shí)一樣糟糕。現(xiàn)有房產(chǎn)的銷量出現(xiàn)了下滑。許可申請(qǐng)也有所下滑。大量跡象表明,風(fēng)雨即將來(lái)臨,雖然可能不是災(zāi)難性的,但未雨綢繆的時(shí)候到了?!?/p>
席勒表示,房?jī)r(jià)下探的可能性非常大。
席勒告訴雅虎財(cái)經(jīng):“芝加哥商品交易所(Chicago Mercantile Exchange)為房?jī)r(jià)設(shè)立了期貨市場(chǎng)……目前處于現(xiàn)貨溢價(jià)階段;房?jī)r(jià)預(yù)計(jì)在2024年或2025年出現(xiàn)略高于10%的降幅。這是個(gè)合理的估計(jì)。如今,買房存在較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!?/p>
盡管全美房?jī)r(jià)的下滑鮮有發(fā)生,但偶爾也還是會(huì)出現(xiàn)。例如20世紀(jì)80年代初,還有20世紀(jì)90年代初,最顯著的還是2008年房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)崩盤(pán)后的那幾年。然而,像席勒所說(shuō)的10%的降幅還是很少見(jiàn)的。房?jī)r(jià)僅在大蕭條和大衰退時(shí)期出現(xiàn)過(guò)如此高的降幅。如果10%的房?jī)r(jià)降幅真的成為現(xiàn)實(shí),那么疫情房產(chǎn)熱在人們記憶中很有可能成為疫情房產(chǎn)泡沫。
從本質(zhì)來(lái)看,房產(chǎn)泡沫形成的背后有三大因素。
第一個(gè)因素是“投機(jī)”。在教科書(shū)式的房產(chǎn)泡沫中,大量的投資者和投機(jī)者將涌入市場(chǎng),追逐不斷飆升的房?jī)r(jià)。這種現(xiàn)象在過(guò)去兩年并不少見(jiàn)。不僅房產(chǎn)翻轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)人(home flippers,購(gòu)買舊房產(chǎn),翻新后再售賣出去——譯者注)回歸了,而且投資者也目睹了其獨(dú)戶住宅購(gòu)買比例升至創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的水平。房屋建造商也有點(diǎn)忘乎所以。需求是如此之旺盛,以至于建造商決定不用再去看買家的臉色。在業(yè)界,這類房產(chǎn)被稱之為投機(jī)房產(chǎn),而且在建數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的水平。
第二個(gè)因素是“定價(jià)過(guò)高”。在房產(chǎn)泡沫中,房?jī)r(jià)會(huì)遠(yuǎn)高于歷史上的收入支撐能力。CoreLogic、穆迪分析(Moody's Analytics)以及佛羅里達(dá)亞特蘭大大學(xué)(Florida Atlantic University)研究人員各自開(kāi)展的獨(dú)立調(diào)查顯示,我們已經(jīng)來(lái)到了這個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)。
投機(jī)?有了。定價(jià)過(guò)高?有了。
然而,我們依然沒(méi)看到第三個(gè)刺破泡沫的因素出現(xiàn)。如果房?jī)r(jià)不暴跌,那就不是房產(chǎn)泡沫。
盡管席勒認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)雙位數(shù)下滑,但業(yè)界很多人并不同意。抵押銀行協(xié)會(huì)(Mortgage Bankers Association)、房利美(Fannie Mae)、房地美(Freddie Mac)、CoreLogic和Zillow的預(yù)測(cè)模型顯示,在接下來(lái)的一年中,房?jī)r(jià)有望進(jìn)一步上升。與此同時(shí),John Burns Real Estate Consulting、凱投宏觀(Capital Economics)、Zelman & Associates和Zonda則預(yù)測(cè)房?jī)r(jià)會(huì)出現(xiàn)溫和的下探。
為什么一些業(yè)內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)下滑的概率不大?首先,美國(guó)已經(jīng)禁止了在10年前導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)崩盤(pán)的次級(jí)貸。何況,房屋所有者這一次背負(fù)的債務(wù)更少。在2007年,抵押貸款服務(wù)支出占到了美國(guó)可支配收入的7.2%。如今僅有3.8%。
一些公司拒絕看跌房?jī)r(jià)的另一個(gè)原因在于:房產(chǎn)存在歷史供應(yīng)不足的情況。
Zillow公司的發(fā)言人威爾·萊姆基對(duì)《財(cái)富》說(shuō):“我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家如今多少看到了這一點(diǎn):市場(chǎng)正在放緩,但房?jī)r(jià)并不會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)下滑。價(jià)格增幅會(huì)放緩/持平(與年初極快的增速相比),但供應(yīng)短缺是價(jià)格能夠繼續(xù)堅(jiān)挺的根本支撐?!?/p>
在房?jī)r(jià)唱衰者的眼中,像Zillow這類公司都低估了超額供應(yīng)的可能性。在他們看來(lái),所有這些在建的投機(jī)房產(chǎn)可能會(huì)在2023年在亞特蘭大、奧斯丁和達(dá)拉斯等類似市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)供應(yīng)過(guò)量的現(xiàn)象。而這種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生會(huì)給房?jī)r(jià)帶來(lái)下行壓力。
Zonda首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志說(shuō):“業(yè)界認(rèn)為房產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)存在結(jié)構(gòu)性供應(yīng)不足的情況,然而,受周期性因素影響,這里存在一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):市場(chǎng)上的房屋供應(yīng)量會(huì)在短期內(nèi)超過(guò)買家的數(shù)量。我想大家都充分意識(shí)到,在部分市場(chǎng),房產(chǎn)庫(kù)存的增加可能并沒(méi)有趕上好時(shí)候,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)時(shí)期的需求出現(xiàn)了明顯的收縮。我們并不認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)只會(huì)上行……我們的預(yù)測(cè)顯示,房?jī)r(jià)將出現(xiàn)溫和下滑?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
Robert Shiller released a book in 2000 titled Irrational Exuberance, which proclaimed the stock market was a bubble. Soon afterward, the tech bubble burst. Then in 2004, the Yale economics professor called attention to spiking real estate prices with a paper titled Is There a Bubble in the Housing Market? By 2007, Shiller predicted its bust was inevitable. Soon afterward, of course, the 2008 housing bubble burst.
As the pandemic housing boom—which has pushed up U.S. home prices by 42% over the past two years—fizzles out, it raises the question: Does Shiller think we’re in another housing bubble?
On Sunday, Shiller spoke with Yahoo Finance. He told the outlet that he once again thinks the U.S. housing market is headed for trouble.
“Home prices haven’t fallen since the 2007–09 recession. Right now things look almost as bad,” Shiller said. “Existing home sales are down. Permits are down. A lot of signs that we’ll see something. It may not be catastrophic, but it’s time to consider that.”
A drop in home prices, Shiller says, looks very possible.
“The Chicago Mercantile Exchange has a futures market for home prices…That’s in backwardation now; [home] prices are expected to fall by something a little over 10% by 2024 or 2025. That’s a good estimate,” Shiller told Yahoo Finance. “The risks are heightened right now for buying a house.”
While national home price declines are rare, they do occur on occasion. It happened in the early 1980s, then again in the early 1990s, and most notably in the years following the 2008 housing bust. However, 10% declines, like Shiller suggests, are very rare. Only the Great Depression and the Great Recession have seen price cuts of that magnitude. If that 10% home price decline actually manifests, the pandemic housing boom will likely be remembered as the pandemic housing bubble.
At its core, a housing bubble requires three elements.
The first element is "speculation." A textbook housing bubble would see a swarm of investors and speculators rush in to chase soaring home price appreciation. That's something we saw a lot over the past two years. Not only did home flippers return, but investors also saw their share of single-family home purchases rise to a record level. Homebuilders got carried away too. Demand was so fierce that builders decided they didn't need to wait on buyers. In the industry, those homes are known as spec homes—meaning speculative homes—and there's currently a record number of them under construction.
The second element is "overvaluation." A housing bubble sees home prices go far beyond what incomes historically would support. We're already at that point. That's according to separate studies conducted by researchers at CoreLogic, Moody's Analytics, and Florida Atlantic University.
Speculation? Check. Overvaluation? Check.
But we still don't have the third element: a bursting bubble. If home prices don't plummet, it isn't a housing bubble.
While Shiller thinks a double-digit decline in home prices is possible, many in the industry don't agree. Over the coming year, home prices are expected to rise. That's according to forecast models produced by the Mortgage Bankers Association, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, CoreLogic, and Zillow. Meanwhile, modest home price declines are currently being forecast by John Burns Real Estate Consulting, Capital Economics, Zelman & Associates, and Zonda.
Why do some industry insiders think home price declines are unlikely? For starters, the country outlawed the subprime mortgages that sank the market a decade ago. Not to mention, homeowners are less debt-burdened this time around. Back in 2007, mortgage debt service payments accounted for 7.2% of U.S. disposable income. Now it's just 3.8%.
There's another reason some firms refuse to get bearish on home prices: a historic undersupply of homes.
"Our economists have been chiming in on this for a bit now: The market is slowing down, but homes aren’t getting cheaper anytime soon. Price growth will slow/flatten (when compared to the breakneck start of the year), but the lack of supply is a fundamental pressure that will keep values aloft," Will Lemke, Zillow's spokesperson, tells Fortune.
In the eyes of housing bears, firms like Zillow are underestimating the possibility of oversupply. In their view, there's a chance all those spec homes under construction could see markets like Atlanta, Austin, and Dallas get oversupplied in 2023. If that happens, it would put downward pressure on home prices.
"Housing is believed to be structurally undersupplied, but we run the risk of finding more homes on the market than buyers in the near term due to cyclical factors. I think there’s full awareness that in some markets, an increase in inventory may hit at a bad time—a time where demand has notably pulled back," Ali Wolf, chief economist at Zonda, tells Fortune. "We are not under the belief that home prices only go up…Our forecast calls for a modest drop in housing prices."