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英國(guó)對(duì)沖基金為何爭(zhēng)相“做空英鎊”

在很多旁觀者看來,做空英鎊似乎是理所當(dāng)然的選擇。

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據(jù)報(bào)道,在英國(guó)首相利茲·特拉斯(左)及財(cái)政大臣夸西·克沃滕提出激進(jìn)的減稅計(jì)劃之前,一眾對(duì)沖基金已經(jīng)通過做空英鎊大賺一筆。圖片來源:DYLAN MARTINEZ—WPA POOL/GETTY IMAGES

30年前,傳奇投資家喬治·索羅斯通過做空英鎊成為億萬富翁。同樣的戲碼最近在一眾對(duì)沖基金身上再次上演。

9月26日一早,市場(chǎng)延續(xù)了9月23日對(duì)保守黨新預(yù)算案極端負(fù)面的反應(yīng),英鎊兌美元幾乎跌至平價(jià),創(chuàng)下了過去無法想象的歷史新低。德意志銀行(Deutsche Bank)稱,這是自1992年索羅斯做空英鎊以來,英鎊表現(xiàn)第三糟糕的一天,跌幅僅小于第一波新冠疫情爆發(fā)時(shí)的3.7%和英國(guó)脫歐(Brexit)公投后的8.1%。

不過,與索羅斯“搗亂的局外人”身份不同,本次通過做空英鎊賺得盆滿缽滿的是一眾與英國(guó)政府關(guān)系密切的英國(guó)對(duì)沖基金,現(xiàn)在,有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)或?qū)?duì)后者是否獲得了其他市場(chǎng)參與方不了解的內(nèi)幕消息展開調(diào)查。

彭博社(Bloomberg)援引權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)——美國(guó)商品期貨交易協(xié)會(huì)(U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Association)的數(shù)據(jù)稱,在截至9月20日的一周之內(nèi),許多投資者實(shí)際上大幅增加了自己的英鎊多頭倉(cāng)位,達(dá)到自今年3月以來的最高水平。

在很多旁觀者看來,做空英鎊似乎是理所當(dāng)然的選擇。正如曾經(jīng)在英國(guó)央行(Bank of England)扮演決策者角色的丹尼·布蘭奇弗勞爾于9月20日在推特(Twitter)發(fā)文所稱的那樣,鑒于其對(duì)特拉斯政策的反對(duì)之強(qiáng)烈,做空英鎊無疑是明智之舉。

但那是在9月23日和26日的“匯市大屠殺”發(fā)生之前。據(jù)《泰晤士報(bào)》(The Times,該報(bào)鮮少批評(píng)持中右翼立場(chǎng)的英國(guó)保守黨)報(bào)道,在推出預(yù)算方案、引發(fā)英鎊和英國(guó)國(guó)債拋售狂潮前不久,新近宣誓就職的特拉斯恰好設(shè)宴款待了參與做空英鎊的一眾對(duì)沖基金經(jīng)理。一位消息人士在接受魯伯特·默多克旗下的《倫敦日?qǐng)?bào)》(London daily)采訪時(shí)說:“出席宴會(huì)者均為特拉斯的支持者,而且都在做空英鎊?!?/p>

其他的市場(chǎng)參與者則似乎被特拉斯和克沃滕的“迷你預(yù)算”打了個(gè)措手不及,雖然名字不甚起眼,但該預(yù)算案卻產(chǎn)生了“地震”般的影響,其中包含450億英鎊的減稅專項(xiàng)借款,特拉斯政府希望利用該筆資金振興面臨衰退的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

市場(chǎng)之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)如此震動(dòng),在一定程度上可能是因?yàn)榭宋蛛?月23日宣布的支出計(jì)劃幾乎全盤推翻了其前任——保守黨議員里?!ぬK納克在任上制定的預(yù)算案。

通過尋找存在泡沫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資產(chǎn)或者揭露存在問題(甚至是徹頭徹尾的商業(yè)欺詐)的投資標(biāo)的(例如最近爆出丑聞的卡車制造商N(yùn)ikola),空頭可以幫助牛市避免進(jìn)入亢奮狀態(tài)。

但是如果他們事先掌握了相關(guān)信息,讓做空從一種存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的博弈行為變成壓上全部身家的賭博,則會(huì)破壞市場(chǎng)的穩(wěn)定,不僅無法發(fā)揮積極作用,還會(huì)造成負(fù)面影響。

吃相如此難看,難怪特拉斯所屬的保守黨也開始出現(xiàn)反彈。

黨內(nèi)反對(duì)初露端倪

作為反對(duì)黨,工黨已經(jīng)向英國(guó)的證券市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)出呼吁,要求后者調(diào)查(特拉斯政府)是否將預(yù)算相關(guān)信息泄露給了與政府存在特權(quán)關(guān)系的投資者。

“英國(guó)金融行為監(jiān)管局(Financial Conduct Authority)應(yīng)該對(duì)是否存在任何可能的不當(dāng)行為展開調(diào)查,查明本輪英鎊暴跌是否可能因?yàn)楸緦帽J攸h政府向其富商友人泄密或提供內(nèi)幕信息而造成?!惫h議員塔利普·西迪克在接受《旗幟晚報(bào)》(The Evening Standard)采訪時(shí)表示。

英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)研究所(Institute of Economic Affairs)所長(zhǎng)在接受英國(guó)獨(dú)立電視臺(tái)(ITV)的《早安英國(guó)》(Good Morning Britain)節(jié)目采訪時(shí)稱,他很清楚特拉斯政府后續(xù)將會(huì)推出哪些政策,但此番表態(tài)似乎并未起到多大作用。

馬克·利特爾伍德說:“如果你覺得迷你預(yù)算已經(jīng)到頭了,那我就得跟你說,請(qǐng)做好準(zhǔn)備,后面政府還會(huì)發(fā)布一系列有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)供應(yīng)側(cè)的聲明,將會(huì)極大放松管制”。馬克承認(rèn),特拉斯經(jīng)常造訪自己領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的智庫(kù)。

由于英國(guó)需要依靠吸引外資來滿足進(jìn)口需求,所以英鎊貶值將會(huì)進(jìn)一步推高通脹,在此背景下,批評(píng)者將前述預(yù)算案譏為“神夸西經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”(Kami-Kwasi economics)。

作為全球第五大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,英鎊走勢(shì)卻越來越像那些更不穩(wěn)定的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體貨幣,各大投資銀行猜測(cè),為了“穩(wěn)住”英鎊匯率,英國(guó)央行或許需要宣布緊急加息。

據(jù)天空新聞臺(tái)(Sky News)報(bào)道,一位未透露姓名的保守黨議員表示,該黨的一些后座議員已經(jīng)對(duì)特拉斯剛剛執(zhí)政不到一個(gè)月的政府發(fā)起不信任投票。

德意志銀行指出:“也許是涓滴經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的公然回歸讓市場(chǎng)多少有點(diǎn)震驚?!?/p>

與此同時(shí),瑞士銀行(UBS)警告稱,要想在沒有資金支持的情況下推行減稅政策,只能增加借款。因此,未來18個(gè)月,私人市場(chǎng)需要消化的英國(guó)政府債務(wù)總額幾乎與過去54個(gè)月相當(dāng)。

8月,盛寶銀行(Saxo Bank)的分析師克里斯托弗·登比克表示,英國(guó)看起來更像新興市場(chǎng)國(guó)家,而非富裕的工業(yè)化國(guó)家,其給出的理由包括政府更迭帶來政治不穩(wěn)定性、貿(mào)易中斷頻發(fā)、能源危機(jī)和高企的通脹等。

“唯一的主要區(qū)別在于,”他當(dāng)時(shí)寫道,“目前英國(guó)尚未出現(xiàn)貨幣危機(jī)?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:夏林

30年前,傳奇投資家喬治·索羅斯通過做空英鎊成為億萬富翁。同樣的戲碼最近在一眾對(duì)沖基金身上再次上演。

9月26日一早,市場(chǎng)延續(xù)了9月23日對(duì)保守黨新預(yù)算案極端負(fù)面的反應(yīng),英鎊兌美元幾乎跌至平價(jià),創(chuàng)下了過去無法想象的歷史新低。德意志銀行(Deutsche Bank)稱,這是自1992年索羅斯做空英鎊以來,英鎊表現(xiàn)第三糟糕的一天,跌幅僅小于第一波新冠疫情爆發(fā)時(shí)的3.7%和英國(guó)脫歐(Brexit)公投后的8.1%。

不過,與索羅斯“搗亂的局外人”身份不同,本次通過做空英鎊賺得盆滿缽滿的是一眾與英國(guó)政府關(guān)系密切的英國(guó)對(duì)沖基金,現(xiàn)在,有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)或?qū)?duì)后者是否獲得了其他市場(chǎng)參與方不了解的內(nèi)幕消息展開調(diào)查。

彭博社(Bloomberg)援引權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)——美國(guó)商品期貨交易協(xié)會(huì)(U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Association)的數(shù)據(jù)稱,在截至9月20日的一周之內(nèi),許多投資者實(shí)際上大幅增加了自己的英鎊多頭倉(cāng)位,達(dá)到自今年3月以來的最高水平。

在很多旁觀者看來,做空英鎊似乎是理所當(dāng)然的選擇。正如曾經(jīng)在英國(guó)央行(Bank of England)扮演決策者角色的丹尼·布蘭奇弗勞爾于9月20日在推特(Twitter)發(fā)文所稱的那樣,鑒于其對(duì)特拉斯政策的反對(duì)之強(qiáng)烈,做空英鎊無疑是明智之舉。

但那是在9月23日和26日的“匯市大屠殺”發(fā)生之前。據(jù)《泰晤士報(bào)》(The Times,該報(bào)鮮少批評(píng)持中右翼立場(chǎng)的英國(guó)保守黨)報(bào)道,在推出預(yù)算方案、引發(fā)英鎊和英國(guó)國(guó)債拋售狂潮前不久,新近宣誓就職的特拉斯恰好設(shè)宴款待了參與做空英鎊的一眾對(duì)沖基金經(jīng)理。一位消息人士在接受魯伯特·默多克旗下的《倫敦日?qǐng)?bào)》(London daily)采訪時(shí)說:“出席宴會(huì)者均為特拉斯的支持者,而且都在做空英鎊?!?/p>

其他的市場(chǎng)參與者則似乎被特拉斯和克沃滕的“迷你預(yù)算”打了個(gè)措手不及,雖然名字不甚起眼,但該預(yù)算案卻產(chǎn)生了“地震”般的影響,其中包含450億英鎊的減稅專項(xiàng)借款,特拉斯政府希望利用該筆資金振興面臨衰退的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

市場(chǎng)之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)如此震動(dòng),在一定程度上可能是因?yàn)榭宋蛛?月23日宣布的支出計(jì)劃幾乎全盤推翻了其前任——保守黨議員里?!ぬK納克在任上制定的預(yù)算案。

通過尋找存在泡沫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資產(chǎn)或者揭露存在問題(甚至是徹頭徹尾的商業(yè)欺詐)的投資標(biāo)的(例如最近爆出丑聞的卡車制造商N(yùn)ikola),空頭可以幫助牛市避免進(jìn)入亢奮狀態(tài)。

但是如果他們事先掌握了相關(guān)信息,讓做空從一種存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的博弈行為變成壓上全部身家的賭博,則會(huì)破壞市場(chǎng)的穩(wěn)定,不僅無法發(fā)揮積極作用,還會(huì)造成負(fù)面影響。

吃相如此難看,難怪特拉斯所屬的保守黨也開始出現(xiàn)反彈。

黨內(nèi)反對(duì)初露端倪

作為反對(duì)黨,工黨已經(jīng)向英國(guó)的證券市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)出呼吁,要求后者調(diào)查(特拉斯政府)是否將預(yù)算相關(guān)信息泄露給了與政府存在特權(quán)關(guān)系的投資者。

“英國(guó)金融行為監(jiān)管局(Financial Conduct Authority)應(yīng)該對(duì)是否存在任何可能的不當(dāng)行為展開調(diào)查,查明本輪英鎊暴跌是否可能因?yàn)楸緦帽J攸h政府向其富商友人泄密或提供內(nèi)幕信息而造成?!惫h議員塔利普·西迪克在接受《旗幟晚報(bào)》(The Evening Standard)采訪時(shí)表示。

英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)研究所(Institute of Economic Affairs)所長(zhǎng)在接受英國(guó)獨(dú)立電視臺(tái)(ITV)的《早安英國(guó)》(Good Morning Britain)節(jié)目采訪時(shí)稱,他很清楚特拉斯政府后續(xù)將會(huì)推出哪些政策,但此番表態(tài)似乎并未起到多大作用。

馬克·利特爾伍德說:“如果你覺得迷你預(yù)算已經(jīng)到頭了,那我就得跟你說,請(qǐng)做好準(zhǔn)備,后面政府還會(huì)發(fā)布一系列有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)供應(yīng)側(cè)的聲明,將會(huì)極大放松管制”。馬克承認(rèn),特拉斯經(jīng)常造訪自己領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的智庫(kù)。

由于英國(guó)需要依靠吸引外資來滿足進(jìn)口需求,所以英鎊貶值將會(huì)進(jìn)一步推高通脹,在此背景下,批評(píng)者將前述預(yù)算案譏為“神夸西經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”(Kami-Kwasi economics)。

作為全球第五大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,英鎊走勢(shì)卻越來越像那些更不穩(wěn)定的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體貨幣,各大投資銀行猜測(cè),為了“穩(wěn)住”英鎊匯率,英國(guó)央行或許需要宣布緊急加息。

據(jù)天空新聞臺(tái)(Sky News)報(bào)道,一位未透露姓名的保守黨議員表示,該黨的一些后座議員已經(jīng)對(duì)特拉斯剛剛執(zhí)政不到一個(gè)月的政府發(fā)起不信任投票。

德意志銀行指出:“也許是涓滴經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的公然回歸讓市場(chǎng)多少有點(diǎn)震驚。”

與此同時(shí),瑞士銀行(UBS)警告稱,要想在沒有資金支持的情況下推行減稅政策,只能增加借款。因此,未來18個(gè)月,私人市場(chǎng)需要消化的英國(guó)政府債務(wù)總額幾乎與過去54個(gè)月相當(dāng)。

8月,盛寶銀行(Saxo Bank)的分析師克里斯托弗·登比克表示,英國(guó)看起來更像新興市場(chǎng)國(guó)家,而非富裕的工業(yè)化國(guó)家,其給出的理由包括政府更迭帶來政治不穩(wěn)定性、貿(mào)易中斷頻發(fā)、能源危機(jī)和高企的通脹等。

“唯一的主要區(qū)別在于,”他當(dāng)時(shí)寫道,“目前英國(guó)尚未出現(xiàn)貨幣危機(jī)?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:夏林

Just over 30 years after legendary investor George Soros became a billionaire by shorting the pound, hedge funds were at it again this weekend.

Early on September 26, the U.K.’s currency nearly reached parity with the dollar, a once-unthinkable and record-setting descent that was a continuation of the market’s dramatically negative reaction on September 23 to the new Conservative Party’s budget proposal. Deutsche Bank said it was the third worst day for sterling since Soros’ famous bet in 1992, with only its 3.7% plunge following the first wave of the COVID pandemic and the 8.1% plunge after the Brexit vote being worse.

Soros was a relative rebel and outsider, though. What’s different this time is that U.K.-based hedge funds with close links to the U.K. government seem to have made out with massive paydays—and now may face investigation over whether they were leaked information the rest of the market never received.

In the week to September 20, investors had actually ramped up their bullish bets on the pound to their highest level since March, Bloomberg reported, citing data from no less an authority than the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Association.

Shorting the pound seemed quite obvious to many onlookers. No less an authority than Danny Blanchflower, a former policymaker for the Bank of England, posted on Twitter on September 20 that shorting the pound would only be sensible, given how strenuously he disagreed with Truss’ policies.

But that was before September 23 and September 26’s carnage. According to a report in The Times, a newspaper not known for criticizing the center-right Tories, the only recently sworn-in Prime Minister Liz Truss had hosted a dinner for hedge fund managers shortly before her spending plans sparked a selling frenzy in sterling and gilts. “They were all supporters of Truss and every one of them was shorting the pound,” a source told Rupert Murdoch’s London daily.

The rest of the market seems to have been caught wrongfooted by Truss and Kwarteng’s “mini-budget”, which despite its unassuming name proved to have a “seismic” impact. It contained £45 billion in new borrowing for tax breaks alone in a bid to revitalize an economy facing recession.

That may be due in part because the spending plan announced by Kwarteng on September 23 amounted to a wholesale reversal of the previous budget under his predecessor, Rishi Sunak, a fellow Tory MP.

Short sellers help prevent bull markets from reaching euphoric valuations by identifying assets in danger of entering bubble territory or, in the recent case of truckmaker Nikola, revealing questionable if not downright fraudulent business practices.

Yet the useful function they serve can be abused if they are privy to information that turns a risk-weighted bet into an all-in gamble that can destabilize markets if enough pile into the trade.

And a pile-in it certainly was. And now Truss’ party is starting to get angry.

Possible first signs of party revolt

Labour opposition has called on the U.K. securities market regulator to probe whether the budget had been leaked to investors with privileged ties to the government.

“The Financial Conduct Authority should investigate any possible wrongdoing to determine whether it is possible that leaks or information provided by this Conservative government to its wealthy friends contributed to the pound’s collapse,” Labour’s Tulip Siddiq told the The Evening Standard.

It likely didn’t help that the director general of the Institute of Economic Affairs told ITV’s “Good Morning Britain” he had a good inkling of what government policies were still yet to come under Truss.

“If you thought the mini-budget was a maxi budget, I would say brace yourselves because you’re going to see a flurry of announcements on the supply side of the economy, deregulating enormously,” said Mark Littlewood, who acknowledged Truss was a frequent visitor to his think tank.

The budget has been slammed as “Kami-Kwasi economics” since the U.K. is dependent on attracting money from abroad to fund its import demand, so a weaker pound fuels inflation.

To stabilize its sagging currency, investment banks are now speculating whether the Bank of England will need to announce an emergency rate hike as the world’s fifth largest economy is quickly earning comparisons to more volatile emerging.

Sky News has since reported an unnamed Tory MP as saying some of the party’s backbenchers have officially submitted letters of no confidence in her one month-old government.

“Perhaps it was the unabashed revival of trickle-down economics that had markets a little aghast,” Deutsche Bank said.

UBS, meanwhile, warned the unfunded tax breaks will come out of added borrowing. As a result the total amount of UK government debt the private market will have to absorb over the next 18 months is almost the same as over the previous 54 months.

Last month, Saxo Bank analyst Christopher Dembik argued the UK is looking more like an emerging market than a wealthy, industrialized nation, citing political instability from the change in government, trade disruptions, an energy crisis and high inflation.

“The only major difference,” he wrote at the time, “there is no currency crisis.”

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