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房價(jià)回調(diào)加劇,明年美國樓市會(huì)怎么走?

Lance Lambert
2022-10-12

美國房價(jià)自2012年以來首次出現(xiàn)環(huán)比下跌。

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任何時(shí)候美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)進(jìn)入對(duì)抗通脹模式,美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)就會(huì)變得脆弱。但是,當(dāng)美國房價(jià)在短短兩年內(nèi)飆升43%之后進(jìn)行加息,后果將更加嚴(yán)重。

當(dāng)然,這就是我們現(xiàn)在所看到的情況。盡管人口結(jié)構(gòu)很有利,庫存水平緊張,可負(fù)擔(dān)性方面存在壓力——抵押貸款利率飆升加上房價(jià)泡沫——正開始?jí)旱头績r(jià)。事實(shí)上,上周我們了解到,凱斯-席勒房價(jià)指數(shù)顯示,美國房價(jià)自2012年以來首次出現(xiàn)環(huán)比下跌。

在全國范圍內(nèi),由于抵押貸款利率為6%,美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)正趨于平衡。在疫情期間的房地產(chǎn)熱潮中,美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的抵押貸款利率定為3%。但我們?nèi)蕴幱谠缙陔A段。而且,持續(xù)進(jìn)行的房價(jià)修正還沒有影響到所有市場(chǎng):5月至8月間,圣何塞的房價(jià)下跌了10.6%,而奧蘭多的房價(jià)上漲了2%。

為了更好地了解美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)低迷的下一步走向,以及房價(jià)修正是否會(huì)很快沖擊更多市場(chǎng),《財(cái)富》雜志聯(lián)系了Zonda的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家阿里·沃爾夫(Ali Wolf)。當(dāng)她不在全國各地與房屋建筑商交談時(shí),她就會(huì)向白宮提供有關(guān)住房問題的建議。

以下是《財(cái)富》雜志對(duì)阿里·沃爾夫的采訪。

《財(cái)富》雜志:隨著數(shù)據(jù)出爐,很明顯,美國許多市場(chǎng)的房價(jià)都在下跌。在一些地方,下跌幅度相當(dāng)大。你認(rèn)為房價(jià)下跌會(huì)持續(xù)到2023年嗎?

沃爾夫:我們還沒有看到全國各地的房價(jià)普遍下降,但有一些市場(chǎng)的房價(jià)已經(jīng)開始下降,我們預(yù)計(jì)在接下來的幾個(gè)月里,美國更多的大都市都會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況。只要利率保持在高位,消費(fèi)者需求仍然疲軟,預(yù)計(jì)2023年房價(jià)將出現(xiàn)回調(diào)。

哪些類型的市場(chǎng)是最脆弱的?

最脆弱的市場(chǎng)包括:(1)那些因?yàn)榛旌闲凸ぷ髂J蕉鴮?dǎo)致房價(jià)大幅上漲的市場(chǎng),如博伊西、拉斯維加斯和丹佛。(2)沒有當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)基礎(chǔ)來支撐較高房價(jià)的市場(chǎng)(換句話說,就是那些房價(jià)和收入不匹配的市場(chǎng)),如納什維爾和佛羅里達(dá)州的部分地區(qū)。(3)住房庫存迅速上升的市場(chǎng),如鳳凰城和奧斯汀。

為什么奧斯汀、博伊西和鳳凰城這樣的市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绱酥欤?/strong>

奧斯汀、博伊西和鳳凰城等市場(chǎng)的房地產(chǎn)熱潮是全美最早、最火爆的。創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的低抵押貸款利率,加上疫情帶來的生活方式的改變,包括居家辦公和搬遷的增加,導(dǎo)致住房需求急劇上升,而供應(yīng)卻無法跟上。

那些從加利福尼亞州和華盛頓等地搬遷過來的人能夠利用從成本較高的市場(chǎng)出售房屋獲得的房屋凈值,并將這些資金用于在這些相對(duì)更實(shí)惠的市場(chǎng)購買新房。搬遷過來的買家發(fā)現(xiàn)這些市場(chǎng)與他們搬出的地方相比非常實(shí)惠,這對(duì)本地買家不利。

這些市場(chǎng)認(rèn)為,供需失衡是如此嚴(yán)重且長期存在,以至于市場(chǎng)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)過熱。為買房而瘋狂的購房者幾乎愿意支付任何價(jià)格來買房。投資者和炒房者認(rèn)為,這些市場(chǎng)時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟。這種心態(tài)導(dǎo)致房價(jià)大幅上漲。

然而,隨著利率在2022年初上升,現(xiàn)實(shí)情況開始發(fā)揮作用。房價(jià)升值正在放緩,并不是所有掛牌的房屋在上線一天內(nèi)都能以高于標(biāo)價(jià)的價(jià)格出售。房屋需求放緩之際,恰逢一些在建的新房開始上市,而二手房庫存迅速增加,因?yàn)橘u家試圖把握他們認(rèn)為房價(jià)達(dá)到峰值的時(shí)機(jī)。

您預(yù)計(jì)抵押貸款利率接近7%時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響?在抵押貸款利率為5%時(shí),房價(jià)修正已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行。我們是否應(yīng)該預(yù)期抵押貸款利率為6.5%-7%時(shí),這種情況會(huì)更嚴(yán)重?

住房可負(fù)擔(dān)性是由很多因素驅(qū)動(dòng)的,但兩大關(guān)鍵因素是房價(jià)和抵押貸款利率。我們剛剛經(jīng)歷了美國歷史上一個(gè)獨(dú)特的時(shí)期,不斷上漲的房價(jià)被創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的低利率所抵消。廉價(jià)融資成本有助于控制月供。

不過,自今年年初以來,利率大幅上升,給住房可負(fù)擔(dān)性帶來了壓力。當(dāng)利率從3%上升到4%時(shí),過高的房價(jià)讓購房者望而卻步,而每增加100個(gè)基點(diǎn),就會(huì)使數(shù)百萬美國人因房價(jià)過高而無法獲得住房所有權(quán)。

如果抵押貸款利率在較長一段時(shí)間內(nèi)保持高位,我們預(yù)計(jì)住房需求將保持疲軟,新屋建設(shè)將受到限制,全國各地的房價(jià)將出現(xiàn)回調(diào)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

任何時(shí)候美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)進(jìn)入對(duì)抗通脹模式,美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)就會(huì)變得脆弱。但是,當(dāng)美國房價(jià)在短短兩年內(nèi)飆升43%之后進(jìn)行加息,后果將更加嚴(yán)重。

當(dāng)然,這就是我們現(xiàn)在所看到的情況。盡管人口結(jié)構(gòu)很有利,庫存水平緊張,可負(fù)擔(dān)性方面存在壓力——抵押貸款利率飆升加上房價(jià)泡沫——正開始?jí)旱头績r(jià)。事實(shí)上,上周我們了解到,凱斯-席勒房價(jià)指數(shù)顯示,美國房價(jià)自2012年以來首次出現(xiàn)環(huán)比下跌。

在全國范圍內(nèi),由于抵押貸款利率為6%,美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)正趨于平衡。在疫情期間的房地產(chǎn)熱潮中,美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的抵押貸款利率定為3%。但我們?nèi)蕴幱谠缙陔A段。而且,持續(xù)進(jìn)行的房價(jià)修正還沒有影響到所有市場(chǎng):5月至8月間,圣何塞的房價(jià)下跌了10.6%,而奧蘭多的房價(jià)上漲了2%。

為了更好地了解美國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)低迷的下一步走向,以及房價(jià)修正是否會(huì)很快沖擊更多市場(chǎng),《財(cái)富》雜志聯(lián)系了Zonda的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家阿里·沃爾夫(Ali Wolf)。當(dāng)她不在全國各地與房屋建筑商交談時(shí),她就會(huì)向白宮提供有關(guān)住房問題的建議。

以下是《財(cái)富》雜志對(duì)阿里·沃爾夫的采訪。

《財(cái)富》雜志:隨著數(shù)據(jù)出爐,很明顯,美國許多市場(chǎng)的房價(jià)都在下跌。在一些地方,下跌幅度相當(dāng)大。你認(rèn)為房價(jià)下跌會(huì)持續(xù)到2023年嗎?

沃爾夫:我們還沒有看到全國各地的房價(jià)普遍下降,但有一些市場(chǎng)的房價(jià)已經(jīng)開始下降,我們預(yù)計(jì)在接下來的幾個(gè)月里,美國更多的大都市都會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況。只要利率保持在高位,消費(fèi)者需求仍然疲軟,預(yù)計(jì)2023年房價(jià)將出現(xiàn)回調(diào)。

哪些類型的市場(chǎng)是最脆弱的?

最脆弱的市場(chǎng)包括:(1)那些因?yàn)榛旌闲凸ぷ髂J蕉鴮?dǎo)致房價(jià)大幅上漲的市場(chǎng),如博伊西、拉斯維加斯和丹佛。(2)沒有當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)基礎(chǔ)來支撐較高房價(jià)的市場(chǎng)(換句話說,就是那些房價(jià)和收入不匹配的市場(chǎng)),如納什維爾和佛羅里達(dá)州的部分地區(qū)。(3)住房庫存迅速上升的市場(chǎng),如鳳凰城和奧斯汀。

為什么奧斯汀、博伊西和鳳凰城這樣的市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绱酥欤?/strong>

奧斯汀、博伊西和鳳凰城等市場(chǎng)的房地產(chǎn)熱潮是全美最早、最火爆的。創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的低抵押貸款利率,加上疫情帶來的生活方式的改變,包括居家辦公和搬遷的增加,導(dǎo)致住房需求急劇上升,而供應(yīng)卻無法跟上。

那些從加利福尼亞州和華盛頓等地搬遷過來的人能夠利用從成本較高的市場(chǎng)出售房屋獲得的房屋凈值,并將這些資金用于在這些相對(duì)更實(shí)惠的市場(chǎng)購買新房。搬遷過來的買家發(fā)現(xiàn)這些市場(chǎng)與他們搬出的地方相比非常實(shí)惠,這對(duì)本地買家不利。

這些市場(chǎng)認(rèn)為,供需失衡是如此嚴(yán)重且長期存在,以至于市場(chǎng)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)過熱。為買房而瘋狂的購房者幾乎愿意支付任何價(jià)格來買房。投資者和炒房者認(rèn)為,這些市場(chǎng)時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟。這種心態(tài)導(dǎo)致房價(jià)大幅上漲。

然而,隨著利率在2022年初上升,現(xiàn)實(shí)情況開始發(fā)揮作用。房價(jià)升值正在放緩,并不是所有掛牌的房屋在上線一天內(nèi)都能以高于標(biāo)價(jià)的價(jià)格出售。房屋需求放緩之際,恰逢一些在建的新房開始上市,而二手房庫存迅速增加,因?yàn)橘u家試圖把握他們認(rèn)為房價(jià)達(dá)到峰值的時(shí)機(jī)。

您預(yù)計(jì)抵押貸款利率接近7%時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響?在抵押貸款利率為5%時(shí),房價(jià)修正已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行。我們是否應(yīng)該預(yù)期抵押貸款利率為6.5%-7%時(shí),這種情況會(huì)更嚴(yán)重?

住房可負(fù)擔(dān)性是由很多因素驅(qū)動(dòng)的,但兩大關(guān)鍵因素是房價(jià)和抵押貸款利率。我們剛剛經(jīng)歷了美國歷史上一個(gè)獨(dú)特的時(shí)期,不斷上漲的房價(jià)被創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的低利率所抵消。廉價(jià)融資成本有助于控制月供。

不過,自今年年初以來,利率大幅上升,給住房可負(fù)擔(dān)性帶來了壓力。當(dāng)利率從3%上升到4%時(shí),過高的房價(jià)讓購房者望而卻步,而每增加100個(gè)基點(diǎn),就會(huì)使數(shù)百萬美國人因房價(jià)過高而無法獲得住房所有權(quán)。

如果抵押貸款利率在較長一段時(shí)間內(nèi)保持高位,我們預(yù)計(jì)住房需求將保持疲軟,新屋建設(shè)將受到限制,全國各地的房價(jià)將出現(xiàn)回調(diào)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

Anytime the Federal Reserve moves into inflation-fighting mode, the U.S. housing market is going to be vulnerable. But when those interest rate hikes come after U.S. home prices soared 43% in just over two years, the consequences will be even more pronounced.

That, of course, is what we’re seeing now. Despite favorable demographics and tight inventory levels, pressured affordability—spiked mortgage rates coupled with frothy home prices—is beginning to push home prices lower. In fact, this week we learned that U.S. home prices as measured by the Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index posted its first month-over-month decline since 2012.

Across the country, the U.S. housing market—which got priced to 3% mortgage rates during the Pandemic Housing Boom—is working toward equilibrium in the face of 6% mortgage rates. But we’re still in the early innings. And the ongoing home price correction still hasn’t hit every market: Between May and August, home values in San Jose fell 10.6% while home values grew 2% in Orlando.

To better understand where the U.S. housing downturn heads next—and if the home price correction will soon hit more markets—Fortune reached out to Zonda chief economist Ali Wolf. When she’s not traveling around the country speaking to homebuilders, she’s advising the White House on housing matters.

Below is Fortune‘s Q&A with Ali Wolf.

Fortune: As the data rolls in, it’s pretty clear that home prices are falling in many markets across the country. In some places it’s fairly sharp. Do you expect home price declines to continue into 2023?

Wolf: We haven’t seen home prices drop universally across the country, but there are some markets where home prices have started to come down and we expect to see that in more metros across the country in the next handful of months. Corrections in home prices can be expected in 2023 as long as interest rates remain elevated and consumer demand remains slow.

What types of markets are the most vulnerable?

The markets that are the most vulnerable include: 1) Those where home prices rose sharply because of hybrid work, like Boise, Las Vegas, and Denver. 2) Markets that don’t have a local employment base to support the higher home prices (put another way, markets where home prices and incomes are out of whack), like Nashville and parts of Florida. 3) Markets where housing inventory has risen rapidly, like Phoenix and Austin.

Why are markets like Austin, Boise, and Phoenix shifting so fast?

The housing booms seen in markets like Austin, Boise, and Phoenix were among the earliest in the nation and the sharpest. The record-low mortgage interest rates combined with lifestyle changes brought on by the pandemic, including work from home and increased relocations, drove a dramatic uptick in housing demand and supply could not keep pace.

Those relocating from places like California and Washington were able to tap home equity from a sale in the higher cost market and put those funds towards buying a new home in these relatively more affordable markets. Relocation buyers found these markets very affordable compared to where they were moving from at the detriment of local buyers.

There was a belief in these markets that the supply and demand imbalance was so severe and so long standing that the markets could never get overheated. Buyers, frantic to secure a home, were willing to pay almost any price to secure a home. Investors and flippers considered these markets ripe for opportunities. This mentality contributed to the massive run-up in home prices.

As interest rates rose in early 2022, however, reality started to kick in. Home price appreciation was slowing and not every home that was listed was selling for above the list price within a day of coming online. The demand for housing slowed just as some of the new homes under construction started coming online and existing home inventory rapidly increased as sellers tried to time what they believed to be the top of the market.

How do you expect mortgage rates near 7% to impact the housing market? We were already correcting with 5% mortgage rates. Should we expect things to intensify with 6.5%-7% rates?

Housing affordability is driven by many factors, but the two key inputs are home prices and mortgage rates. We just lived through a unique period in American history where rising home prices were offset by record-low interest rates. The cheap financing helped keep the monthly mortgage payment in check.

Interest rates have risen dramatically since the start of the year, though, putting a strain on housing affordability. Buyers were already starting to get priced out of the market when interest rates moved from 3% to 4% and every 100-basis point increase has continued to price millions of Americans out of homeownership.

If mortgage rates remain elevated for an extended period, we expect that housing demand will remain soft, new home construction will be restricted, and home prices will need to adjust downward across the country.

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