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利好消息不斷,美國人卻更加悲觀

TRISTAN BOVE
2023-02-09

美國2022年第四季度工資增長了1%,全年增長了5.1%,但由于高通脹,去年實(shí)際工資仍下降了1.2%。

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拜登政府想強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息,但美國人還是一如既往地悲觀。圖片來源:HANNAH BEIER—BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES

從許多方面來看,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)火力全開——至少在很多領(lǐng)域全速前進(jìn)。自去年夏天以來,通貨膨脹率已顯著下降,自2020年新冠肺炎疫情引發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退以來,實(shí)際國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長了近17%,雇主在2022年增加了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的450萬個工作崗位,根據(jù)上周1月份的就業(yè)報(bào)告,失業(yè)率降至3.4%,創(chuàng)53年來的新低之后,這一招聘趨勢一直持續(xù)到新的一年。

但是,全世界經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息可能都不足以扭轉(zhuǎn)美國人對經(jīng)濟(jì)、股市和介于兩者之間的一切的悲觀情緒,這種悲觀情緒成了頑疾。

根據(jù)蓋洛普周一發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)新民調(diào),大多數(shù)美國人預(yù)計(jì)通貨膨脹率和利率將在未來六個月內(nèi)上升,他們對同期經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和股市表現(xiàn)的前景也同樣悲觀。

上個月的消費(fèi)者物價(jià)指數(shù)報(bào)告將年度通脹率的連續(xù)下降時間延長至6個月,同比通脹率目前徘徊在6.5%。但蓋洛普在1月2日至1月22日期間收集的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,67%的美國成年人預(yù)計(jì)今年上半年通脹率將再次上升,其中39%的人認(rèn)為通脹率將"大幅上升"。近四分之三的美國人預(yù)計(jì)利率將在未來六個月繼續(xù)上升,并拖累經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,43%的人認(rèn)為今年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長將放緩。至于失業(yè)率,41%的美國人認(rèn)為未來幾個月失業(yè)率將開始上升。

鑒于過去幾個月經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息,包括前財(cái)政部長拉里·薩默斯(Larry Summers)在內(nèi)的幾位曾經(jīng)持悲觀態(tài)度的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都對經(jīng)濟(jì)前景持樂觀態(tài)度。雖然最近的預(yù)計(jì)強(qiáng)調(diào)了當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢的奇特性和不確定性,但最新的蓋洛普調(diào)查結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)美國人的悲觀情緒成頑疾,而且近期經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)反映的現(xiàn)實(shí)與公眾認(rèn)知之間的鴻溝日益擴(kuò)大。

利好消息

美國經(jīng)濟(jì)目前是否陷入衰退的問題凸顯了人們在觀點(diǎn)上的日益脫節(jié)。根據(jù)Morning Consult公司1月份的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,幾乎一半的美國人認(rèn)為美國經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退,但目前大多數(shù)指標(biāo)都表明美國經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有陷入衰退。

美國財(cái)政部長珍妮特·耶倫(Janet Yellen)周一在接受美國廣播公司《早安美國》節(jié)目采訪時表示,低失業(yè)率和強(qiáng)勁的勞動力市場并不是經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮的典型跡象。

她說:"如果就業(yè)市場有50萬個工作崗位,而且失業(yè)率處于50多年來的最低水平,那么就不會出現(xiàn)衰退。"她補(bǔ)充說,現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)看起來"強(qiáng)勁而有彈性"。

去年最后幾個月工資增長放緩和消費(fèi)支出減弱也支持了通貨膨脹正在降溫的論點(diǎn),盡管這些因素也對美國員工造成了打擊,并可能導(dǎo)致對經(jīng)濟(jì)的負(fù)面看法。通貨膨脹對美國中產(chǎn)階級來說尤其艱難,他們不得不動用儲蓄來維持生計(jì)。

2022年第四季度工資增長了1%,全年增長了5.1%,但由于高通脹,去年實(shí)際工資仍下降了1.2%。

普遍的悲觀情緒

但是,如果最近的經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞都指向積極的方向,為什么大多數(shù)美國人仍然如此悲觀呢?

蓋洛普的調(diào)查顯示,一大重要因素可能是人們傾向于將股市表現(xiàn)與經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來。與最近有關(guān)通脹和就業(yè)的利好消息不同,市場在過去一年里一直處于低迷狀態(tài),預(yù)計(jì)至少在2023年底之前不會出現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇。

接受蓋洛普調(diào)查的美國人中,只有31%的人預(yù)計(jì)2023年上半年股市會有所好轉(zhuǎn),而創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的48%的人預(yù)計(jì),隨著利率持續(xù)上升,股市會進(jìn)一步下跌。

黨派分歧也加劇了美國人的悲觀情緒,共和黨人對通貨膨脹將上升的預(yù)期比民主黨人高23個百分點(diǎn)。共和黨人也更可能對股市表現(xiàn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和就業(yè)持悲觀態(tài)度。

自去年以來,共和黨人對經(jīng)濟(jì)的看法更加悲觀。在美聯(lián)社-全國民意研究中心(AP-NORC)12月的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中,超過一半的美國人認(rèn)為自己的個人財(cái)務(wù)狀況良好,但59%的民主黨人認(rèn)為整體經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況“糟糕”,而共和黨人的這一比例為90%。

過去一年,拜登總統(tǒng)因政府對通貨膨脹和公共開支計(jì)劃的處理方式,包括去年的《通脹削減法案》,經(jīng)常受到共和黨議員的批評。但拜登預(yù)計(jì)將在周二的國情咨文演講中重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)近期經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息,他也可能在2024年競選連任時重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

從許多方面來看,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)火力全開——至少在很多領(lǐng)域全速前進(jìn)。自去年夏天以來,通貨膨脹率已顯著下降,自2020年新冠肺炎疫情引發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退以來,實(shí)際國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長了近17%,雇主在2022年增加了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的450萬個工作崗位,根據(jù)上周1月份的就業(yè)報(bào)告,失業(yè)率降至3.4%,創(chuàng)53年來的新低之后,這一招聘趨勢一直持續(xù)到新的一年。

但是,全世界經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息可能都不足以扭轉(zhuǎn)美國人對經(jīng)濟(jì)、股市和介于兩者之間的一切的悲觀情緒,這種悲觀情緒成了頑疾。

根據(jù)蓋洛普周一發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)新民調(diào),大多數(shù)美國人預(yù)計(jì)通貨膨脹率和利率將在未來六個月內(nèi)上升,他們對同期經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和股市表現(xiàn)的前景也同樣悲觀。

上個月的消費(fèi)者物價(jià)指數(shù)報(bào)告將年度通脹率的連續(xù)下降時間延長至6個月,同比通脹率目前徘徊在6.5%。但蓋洛普在1月2日至1月22日期間收集的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,67%的美國成年人預(yù)計(jì)今年上半年通脹率將再次上升,其中39%的人認(rèn)為通脹率將"大幅上升"。近四分之三的美國人預(yù)計(jì)利率將在未來六個月繼續(xù)上升,并拖累經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,43%的人認(rèn)為今年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長將放緩。至于失業(yè)率,41%的美國人認(rèn)為未來幾個月失業(yè)率將開始上升。

鑒于過去幾個月經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息,包括前財(cái)政部長拉里·薩默斯(Larry Summers)在內(nèi)的幾位曾經(jīng)持悲觀態(tài)度的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都對經(jīng)濟(jì)前景持樂觀態(tài)度。雖然最近的預(yù)計(jì)強(qiáng)調(diào)了當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢的奇特性和不確定性,但最新的蓋洛普調(diào)查結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)美國人的悲觀情緒成頑疾,而且近期經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)反映的現(xiàn)實(shí)與公眾認(rèn)知之間的鴻溝日益擴(kuò)大。

利好消息

美國經(jīng)濟(jì)目前是否陷入衰退的問題凸顯了人們在觀點(diǎn)上的日益脫節(jié)。根據(jù)Morning Consult公司1月份的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,幾乎一半的美國人認(rèn)為美國經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退,但目前大多數(shù)指標(biāo)都表明美國經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有陷入衰退。

美國財(cái)政部長珍妮特·耶倫(Janet Yellen)周一在接受美國廣播公司《早安美國》節(jié)目采訪時表示,低失業(yè)率和強(qiáng)勁的勞動力市場并不是經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮的典型跡象。

她說:"如果就業(yè)市場有50萬個工作崗位,而且失業(yè)率處于50多年來的最低水平,那么就不會出現(xiàn)衰退。"她補(bǔ)充說,現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)看起來"強(qiáng)勁而有彈性"。

去年最后幾個月工資增長放緩和消費(fèi)支出減弱也支持了通貨膨脹正在降溫的論點(diǎn),盡管這些因素也對美國員工造成了打擊,并可能導(dǎo)致對經(jīng)濟(jì)的負(fù)面看法。通貨膨脹對美國中產(chǎn)階級來說尤其艱難,他們不得不動用儲蓄來維持生計(jì)。

2022年第四季度工資增長了1%,全年增長了5.1%,但由于高通脹,去年實(shí)際工資仍下降了1.2%。

普遍的悲觀情緒

但是,如果最近的經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞都指向積極的方向,為什么大多數(shù)美國人仍然如此悲觀呢?

蓋洛普的調(diào)查顯示,一大重要因素可能是人們傾向于將股市表現(xiàn)與經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來。與最近有關(guān)通脹和就業(yè)的利好消息不同,市場在過去一年里一直處于低迷狀態(tài),預(yù)計(jì)至少在2023年底之前不會出現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇。

接受蓋洛普調(diào)查的美國人中,只有31%的人預(yù)計(jì)2023年上半年股市會有所好轉(zhuǎn),而創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的48%的人預(yù)計(jì),隨著利率持續(xù)上升,股市會進(jìn)一步下跌。

黨派分歧也加劇了美國人的悲觀情緒,共和黨人對通貨膨脹將上升的預(yù)期比民主黨人高23個百分點(diǎn)。共和黨人也更可能對股市表現(xiàn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和就業(yè)持悲觀態(tài)度。

自去年以來,共和黨人對經(jīng)濟(jì)的看法更加悲觀。在美聯(lián)社-全國民意研究中心(AP-NORC)12月的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中,超過一半的美國人認(rèn)為自己的個人財(cái)務(wù)狀況良好,但59%的民主黨人認(rèn)為整體經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況“糟糕”,而共和黨人的這一比例為90%。

過去一年,拜登總統(tǒng)因政府對通貨膨脹和公共開支計(jì)劃的處理方式,包括去年的《通脹削減法案》,經(jīng)常受到共和黨議員的批評。但拜登預(yù)計(jì)將在周二的國情咨文演講中重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)近期經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息,他也可能在2024年競選連任時重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的利好消息。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

By many accounts, the U.S. economy is firing on all cylinders—or at least a lot of cylinders. Inflation has come down markedly since last summer, real GDP has grown nearly 17% since the pandemic-induced 2020 recession, and employers added a record 4.5 million jobs in 2022, a hiring trend that has continued into the new year after last week’s explosive January jobs report brought the unemployment rate down to 3.4%, a 53-year low.

But all the good economic news in the world may not be enough to reverse Americans’ stubborn pessimism towards the economy, the stock market, and everything in between.

The majority of Americans are predicting inflation and interest rates will rise over the next six months, and they’re similarly pessimistic on the prospects of economic growth and stock market performance over the same period, according to a new poll released by Gallup Monday.

Last month’s CPI report extended the annual inflation rate’s decline streak to six consecutive months, and year-over-year inflation now hovers at 6.5%. But 67% of U.S. adults are forecasting inflation to rise again in the first half of the year, including 39% who say it will “go up a lot,” according to the Gallup poll, which collected results between Jan. 2 and Jan. 22. Nearly three-quarters of Americans expect interest rates to continue rising over the next six months and drag down economic growth, and 43% say it will slow this year. As for unemployment, 41% of Americans say it will start trending upward in the next few months.

In light of the positive economic news of the past few months, several once-pessimistic economists including former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers have brightened up on the economy’s prospects. And while recent forecasts have emphasized the current economic landscape’s strangeness and uncertainty, the latest Gallup results underscore the resilience of American gloominess, as well as the widening gulf between the reality of recent economic indicators and public perception.

The good news

Highlighting the growing disconnect in economic views is the question of whether the U.S. economy is currently in a recession. Almost half of Americans say it is, according to a January survey by Morning Consult, but most indicators right now are pointing to an economy that looks anything but recession-like.

Low unemployment and a strong labor market are not signs of an economy typically contracting, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said in a Monday interview with ABC’s Good Morning America.

“You don’t have a recession when you have 500,000 jobs and the lowest unemployment rate in more than 50 years,” she said, adding that the economy right now is looking “strong and resilient.”

Slower wage growth and weakening consumer spending in the last few months of last year also support the argument that inflation is on its way down, although these same factors have also dealt a blow to American workers, and may have lended to negative views on the economy. Inflation has been especially hard for the U.S. middle class, which has had to dip into savings just to get by.

Wages grew by 1% in the last quarter of 2022, and rose 5.1% over the entire year, but because of high inflation, real wages still declined 1.2% last year.

Prevailing pessimism

But if the recent economic news has all pointed in a positive direction, why are most Americans still so pessimistic?

An important factor may be a tendency to associate the stock market’s performance with that of the economy, according to the Gallup poll. Unlike recent positive news surrounding inflation and employment, markets have been in a rut for the past year, and forecasts aren’t betting on a recovery until the end of 2023 at least.

Only 31% of Americans polled by Gallup expect the stock market to improve in the first half of 2023, while a record-high 48% forecast it to fall even further as interest rates continue to rise.

Partisanship also played a role in Americans’ gloominess, with Republicans’ expectations that inflation will rise 23 percentage points higher than Democrats. Republicans were also more likely to hold pessimistic views towards the stock market’s performance, economic growth, and employment.

Republicans have been more gloomy about the economy since last year. While more than half of Americans described their personal financial situation as good in a December survey by AP-NORC, 59% of Democrats described the economy overall as “poor,” compared to 90% of Republicans.

President Biden has been routinely criticized by Republican lawmakers over the past year for his administration’s handling of inflation and public spending plans, including last year’s Inflation Reduction Act. But Biden is expected to double down on recent economic good news during Tuesday’s State of the Union address and for his likely 2024 reelection campaign.

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