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摩根士丹利:美股2022年將進(jìn)入熊市

WILL DANIEL
2023-06-24

美股未來(lái)或?qū)⒆疃嘞碌?4%。

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2023年6月9日,紐約證券交易所。圖片來(lái)源:MICHAEL NAGLE—BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES

邁克·威爾遜(Mike Wilson)并不害怕在一個(gè)通常不會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)這種行為的行業(yè)中脫穎而出。2021年底,這位華爾街資深人士(現(xiàn)任摩根士丹利首席投資官和首席美國(guó)股票策略師)認(rèn)為,在美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)加息和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩的雙重不利影響下,熊市即將來(lái)臨——他將二者稱為“火”與“冰”。

當(dāng)時(shí),華爾街的一致預(yù)測(cè)是,到2022年底,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)將上漲約1%,至4825點(diǎn),但威爾遜的目標(biāo)價(jià)是同行中最低的,為4400點(diǎn),而熊市的情況是低于4000點(diǎn)。事實(shí)證明,這一悲觀預(yù)測(cè)是正確的,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)去年下跌了約20%,至3839點(diǎn),威爾遜在《機(jī)構(gòu)投資者》雜志(Institutional Investor)2022年10月的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中獲得了頂級(jí)股票策略師的榮譽(yù)。

但2023年卻是另一番景象。

今年1月,這位摩根士丹利首席投資官認(rèn)為,隨著企業(yè)盈利增長(zhǎng)放緩,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)今年上半年可能會(huì)跌至3000點(diǎn)的低點(diǎn),然后下半年才會(huì)回升至3900點(diǎn)。但該指數(shù)的表現(xiàn)卻恰恰相反,今年迄今為止,由于通脹緩慢消退,以及人們對(duì)人工智能作為未來(lái)企業(yè)增長(zhǎng)的潛在驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的熱情高漲,該指數(shù)上漲了超過(guò)12%,達(dá)到4300點(diǎn)以上。

不過(guò),盡管其他投資銀行已經(jīng)開始上調(diào)藍(lán)籌股指數(shù)的目標(biāo)價(jià),比如高盛集團(tuán)(Goldman Sachs)現(xiàn)在預(yù)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)今年將收于4500點(diǎn),高于年初時(shí)的4000點(diǎn),但威爾遜并沒(méi)有放棄熊市論調(diào)。

隨著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)反彈超過(guò)20%的閾值,越來(lái)越多的人宣布熊市正式結(jié)束。他在周一的一份報(bào)告中寫道:“我們尊重大家的觀點(diǎn),但由于對(duì)2023年的盈利預(yù)測(cè),我們持相反觀點(diǎn)。美國(guó)仍可能進(jìn)入熊市。”

威爾遜的基本預(yù)測(cè)是,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)未來(lái)12個(gè)月將下跌約3%,至4200點(diǎn),但在熊市情況下,他認(rèn)為該指數(shù)可能跌至3700點(diǎn),較當(dāng)前水平下跌約14%。他認(rèn)為,股市正處于一場(chǎng)“盈利衰退”之中,而且并未反映在股價(jià)中,華爾街的盈利預(yù)期過(guò)于強(qiáng)勁。

威爾遜周一寫道,華爾街對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)中超過(guò)70%的成分股的遠(yuǎn)期盈利預(yù)期“至少比新冠肺炎疫情前的水平高出20%”,并指出,即使是摩根士丹利對(duì)整體指數(shù)的盈利預(yù)測(cè)——華爾街認(rèn)為這一預(yù)測(cè)是看跌的——也“比長(zhǎng)期盈利趨勢(shì)線高出10%”。

威爾遜熊市理論的關(guān)鍵在于,通脹下降將降低企業(yè)利潤(rùn),就像2021年通脹上升有助于增加企業(yè)利潤(rùn)一樣。正如《財(cái)富》雜志此前報(bào)道的那樣,企業(yè)能夠在疫情期間轉(zhuǎn)嫁不斷上升的成本,提高利潤(rùn)率。但現(xiàn)在,隨著通脹下降和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩,我們正進(jìn)入“利潤(rùn)率壓縮”的固有周期。

商業(yè)情報(bào)公司Morning Consult的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰·萊爾(John Leer)解釋說(shuō):“驅(qū)動(dòng)利潤(rùn)上升和下降的因素是相同的。已實(shí)現(xiàn)的和預(yù)期的需求都有所減弱;已實(shí)現(xiàn)的和預(yù)期的通脹都有所放緩;企業(yè)將無(wú)法把上漲的成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者。”

威爾遜周一還表示,高利率正導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入類似二戰(zhàn)后的“繁榮/蕭條模式”。他解釋說(shuō),在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和大流行期間,消費(fèi)者在商品和服務(wù)供應(yīng)受限時(shí)期積累了過(guò)多儲(chǔ)蓄,導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)重新開放時(shí)通貨膨脹和股市飆升。隨后,在一段時(shí)間內(nèi),利率不斷上升,最終引發(fā)了1948年的熊市和經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。但在經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退之前,曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)一次大規(guī)模的熊市反彈,吸引了許多投資者。威爾遜擔(dān)心,現(xiàn)代投資者正再次落入同樣的陷阱。

戰(zhàn)后1946年的繁榮過(guò)后,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)修正了28%,隨后是一輪動(dòng)蕩的熊市反彈(反彈24%,持續(xù)了近18個(gè)月),一年后跌至新低。到目前為止,這似乎與當(dāng)前的熊市情況類似,去年股市修正了27.5%,目前已從盤中低點(diǎn)反彈了24%?!彼麑懙馈KJ(rèn)為股市投資者可能會(huì)面臨更多痛苦。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

邁克·威爾遜(Mike Wilson)并不害怕在一個(gè)通常不會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)這種行為的行業(yè)中脫穎而出。2021年底,這位華爾街資深人士(現(xiàn)任摩根士丹利首席投資官和首席美國(guó)股票策略師)認(rèn)為,在美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)加息和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩的雙重不利影響下,熊市即將來(lái)臨——他將二者稱為“火”與“冰”。

當(dāng)時(shí),華爾街的一致預(yù)測(cè)是,到2022年底,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)將上漲約1%,至4825點(diǎn),但威爾遜的目標(biāo)價(jià)是同行中最低的,為4400點(diǎn),而熊市的情況是低于4000點(diǎn)。事實(shí)證明,這一悲觀預(yù)測(cè)是正確的,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)去年下跌了約20%,至3839點(diǎn),威爾遜在《機(jī)構(gòu)投資者》雜志(Institutional Investor)2022年10月的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中獲得了頂級(jí)股票策略師的榮譽(yù)。

但2023年卻是另一番景象。

今年1月,這位摩根士丹利首席投資官認(rèn)為,隨著企業(yè)盈利增長(zhǎng)放緩,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)今年上半年可能會(huì)跌至3000點(diǎn)的低點(diǎn),然后下半年才會(huì)回升至3900點(diǎn)。但該指數(shù)的表現(xiàn)卻恰恰相反,今年迄今為止,由于通脹緩慢消退,以及人們對(duì)人工智能作為未來(lái)企業(yè)增長(zhǎng)的潛在驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的熱情高漲,該指數(shù)上漲了超過(guò)12%,達(dá)到4300點(diǎn)以上。

不過(guò),盡管其他投資銀行已經(jīng)開始上調(diào)藍(lán)籌股指數(shù)的目標(biāo)價(jià),比如高盛集團(tuán)(Goldman Sachs)現(xiàn)在預(yù)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)今年將收于4500點(diǎn),高于年初時(shí)的4000點(diǎn),但威爾遜并沒(méi)有放棄熊市論調(diào)。

隨著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)反彈超過(guò)20%的閾值,越來(lái)越多的人宣布熊市正式結(jié)束。他在周一的一份報(bào)告中寫道:“我們尊重大家的觀點(diǎn),但由于對(duì)2023年的盈利預(yù)測(cè),我們持相反觀點(diǎn)。美國(guó)仍可能進(jìn)入熊市?!?/p>

威爾遜的基本預(yù)測(cè)是,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)未來(lái)12個(gè)月將下跌約3%,至4200點(diǎn),但在熊市情況下,他認(rèn)為該指數(shù)可能跌至3700點(diǎn),較當(dāng)前水平下跌約14%。他認(rèn)為,股市正處于一場(chǎng)“盈利衰退”之中,而且并未反映在股價(jià)中,華爾街的盈利預(yù)期過(guò)于強(qiáng)勁。

威爾遜周一寫道,華爾街對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)中超過(guò)70%的成分股的遠(yuǎn)期盈利預(yù)期“至少比新冠肺炎疫情前的水平高出20%”,并指出,即使是摩根士丹利對(duì)整體指數(shù)的盈利預(yù)測(cè)——華爾街認(rèn)為這一預(yù)測(cè)是看跌的——也“比長(zhǎng)期盈利趨勢(shì)線高出10%”。

威爾遜熊市理論的關(guān)鍵在于,通脹下降將降低企業(yè)利潤(rùn),就像2021年通脹上升有助于增加企業(yè)利潤(rùn)一樣。正如《財(cái)富》雜志此前報(bào)道的那樣,企業(yè)能夠在疫情期間轉(zhuǎn)嫁不斷上升的成本,提高利潤(rùn)率。但現(xiàn)在,隨著通脹下降和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩,我們正進(jìn)入“利潤(rùn)率壓縮”的固有周期。

商業(yè)情報(bào)公司Morning Consult的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰·萊爾(John Leer)解釋說(shuō):“驅(qū)動(dòng)利潤(rùn)上升和下降的因素是相同的。已實(shí)現(xiàn)的和預(yù)期的需求都有所減弱;已實(shí)現(xiàn)的和預(yù)期的通脹都有所放緩;企業(yè)將無(wú)法把上漲的成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者?!?/p>

威爾遜周一還表示,高利率正導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入類似二戰(zhàn)后的“繁榮/蕭條模式”。他解釋說(shuō),在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和大流行期間,消費(fèi)者在商品和服務(wù)供應(yīng)受限時(shí)期積累了過(guò)多儲(chǔ)蓄,導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)重新開放時(shí)通貨膨脹和股市飆升。隨后,在一段時(shí)間內(nèi),利率不斷上升,最終引發(fā)了1948年的熊市和經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。但在經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退之前,曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)一次大規(guī)模的熊市反彈,吸引了許多投資者。威爾遜擔(dān)心,現(xiàn)代投資者正再次落入同樣的陷阱。

戰(zhàn)后1946年的繁榮過(guò)后,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)修正了28%,隨后是一輪動(dòng)蕩的熊市反彈(反彈24%,持續(xù)了近18個(gè)月),一年后跌至新低。到目前為止,這似乎與當(dāng)前的熊市情況類似,去年股市修正了27.5%,目前已從盤中低點(diǎn)反彈了24%?!彼麑懙?。他認(rèn)為股市投資者可能會(huì)面臨更多痛苦。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

Mike Wilson isn’t afraid to stand out from the crowd in an industry that doesn’t often reward that type of behavior. In late 2021, the Wall Street veteran, who is now Morgan Stanley’s chief investment officer and chief U.S. equity strategist, argued that a bear market was on the way amid the toxic combination of Federal Reserve interest rate hikes and slowing economic growth—which he labeled “fire” and “ice.”

At the time, the consensus forecast on Wall Street was for the S&P 500 to rise roughly 1% to 4,825 by the end of 2022, but Wilson’s price target was the lowest of his peers at 4,400, with a bear case of below 4,000. The pessimistic prediction turned out to be correct, as the S&P 500 slipped roughly 20% last year to 3,839, earning Wilson top stock strategist honors in an October 2022 survey by Institutional Investor.

But 2023 has been a different story.

In January, the Morgan Stanley CIO argued that the S&P 500 could drop as low as 3,000 in the first half of the year as corporate earnings growth slowed, before mounting a second half recovery to 3,900. But the index has done pretty much the opposite, rising more than 12% year to date to over 4,300 on the back of slowly fading inflation and enthusiasm for artificial intelligence as a potential driver of future corporate growth.

Still, even as other investment banks have begun to increase their price targets for the blue-chip index—Goldman Sachs, for example, now sees the S&P 500 ending the year at 4,500, up from 4,000 at the start of the year—Wilson isn’t backing down from his bear market thesis.

“With the S&P 500 rally now crossing the 20% threshold, more are declaring the bear market officially over. We respectfully disagree due to our 2023 earnings forecast,” he wrote in a Monday note. “The bear is still alive.”

Wilson’s base case is for the S&P 500 to drop roughly 3% over the next 12 months to 4,200, but in a bear case scenario, he believes the index could fall to 3,700, or around 14% from current levels. He argues that stocks are in the midst of an “earnings recession” that hasn’t been priced in, and Wall Street’s profit expectations are too robust.

More than 70% of S&P 500 sectors have forward earnings expectations from Wall Street that are “at least 20% above pre-COVID levels,” Wilson wrote Monday, noting that even Morgan Stanley’s earnings forecast for the overall index, which is seen as bearish on the Street, is “10% above the long-term earnings trend line.”

The key to Wilson’s bearish theory is the idea that falling inflation will lower corporate profits, just as rising inflation helped to increase them in 2021. As Fortune previously reported, businesses were able to pass on rising costs during the pandemic and increase profit margins. But now, with inflation falling and economic growth slowing, we’re entering a natural period of “margin compression.”

“That’s driven by the same things that made the profits go up, coming down,” explained John Leer, chief economist at business intelligence firm Morning Consult. “You’ve got weaker demand, realized and expected; you’ve got slower inflation, realized and expected; and less ability for businesses to pass along elevated costs to consumers.”

Wilson also argued on Monday that higher interest rates are leading the economy into a “boom/bust regime” like what was seen after World War II. He explained that during both WWII and the pandemic, consumers built up excess savings during a period when the supply of goods and services was constrained, causing inflation and the stock market to surge when the economy reopened. Then a period of higher interest rates followed, which ultimately sparked a bear market and a recession in 1948. But before the economy entered that recession, there was a sizable bear market rally that lured in many investors. Wilson fears modern investors are falling into this same trap again.

“After the boom in 1946 following the end of the war, the S&P 500 corrected by 28%, followed by a 24% choppy bear market rally that lasted almost 18 months before succumbing to new lows a year later. Thus far, this appears similar to the current bear market, which corrected 27.5% last year and has now rallied 24% from the intraday lows,” he wrote, arguing more pain is likely ahead for stock market investors.

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