經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾個(gè)月的法律訴訟和持續(xù)三周的聽證會(huì)后,山姆·班克曼-弗萊德終于有機(jī)會(huì)告訴陪審團(tuán)他的虛擬幣交易所是如何崩盤的,以及他為什么不應(yīng)該被追究刑事責(zé)任。
山姆·班克曼-弗萊德是美國知名虛擬幣交易所FTX的創(chuàng)始人。上周四,他在美國出席了一場(chǎng)聽證會(huì),這場(chǎng)聽證會(huì)的奇怪之處在于沒有陪審員列席。在美國司法部檢察官的盤問下,他的表現(xiàn)極其糟糕。聽證會(huì)在上周五繼續(xù)舉行。
班克曼-弗萊德決定出席作證的做法在美國商界并不典型,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)被告害怕言多必失自證其罪,而往往選擇不出庭。檢方在這次聽證會(huì)上擺出了一付勢(shì)在必得的架式,他們找來了三位重要證人,他們都是班克曼-弗萊德的核心小圈子的成員。三位證人都證實(shí)他們?cè)诎嗫寺?弗萊德的指使下犯下了欺詐行為。在這種不利局面下,班克曼-弗萊德的辯護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)也只能是死馬當(dāng)活馬醫(yī)了。
班克曼-弗萊德的律師也在交叉質(zhì)證過程中提出了一些問題,負(fù)責(zé)此案的法官劉易斯·卡普蘭表示,這些問題很可不能不會(huì)在陪審團(tuán)面前被采納。其中最主要的是班克曼-弗里德本人的辯詞,他辯稱FTX交易所的很多錯(cuò)誤行為都要?dú)w咎于以前律師的錯(cuò)誤建議。
在上周四的聽證會(huì)中,控辯雙方在沒有陪審團(tuán)在場(chǎng)的情況下進(jìn)行了交叉質(zhì)問??ㄆ仗m于次日裁定,此次聽證會(huì)上的大部分證詞將不會(huì)被陪審團(tuán)聽取,包括FTX的律師們是否簽過財(cái)務(wù)票據(jù)和服務(wù)條款,等等。
盡管局面對(duì)他不利,班克曼-弗萊德還是決定繼續(xù)出席聽證。
“小錯(cuò)與大錯(cuò)”
眼見扣鍋給以前的律師似乎不太可能被法庭采信,班克曼-弗萊德又開始尋找其他的扣鍋對(duì)象。從他的辯護(hù)律師和個(gè)人陳述看,他扣鍋的對(duì)象還包括他的前女友、FTX的關(guān)聯(lián)交易公司Alameda Research的前首席執(zhí)行官卡羅琳·埃里森。
在律師馬克·科恩的辯護(hù)下,班克曼-弗萊德在作證開始時(shí)表示了一些懺悔之情。
“我犯了一些小錯(cuò),也犯了一些大錯(cuò)?!彼f。他穿著一身方方正正的西裝,不過在他瘦弱的身材上顯得有些略大了。
班克曼-弗萊德表示,這些問題主要?dú)w咎于FTX缺乏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。雖然他也承認(rèn)了部分欺詐行為,但他同時(shí)明確表示,其他人也犯了錯(cuò),而且是鉆了他管理松散的空子。
比如他回憶道,在2020年的一次事故中,由于FTX的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)引擎落后,加上是他前女友的Alameda公司充當(dāng)后臺(tái)流動(dòng)性提供商的角色(換句話說,它的責(zé)任是吸收其他用戶的損失),導(dǎo)致FTX積累了幾萬億美元的負(fù)余額,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了整個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)的關(guān)閉。
Alameda公司在FTX一案中扮演了重要的做市商的角色——也就是為用戶間的交易提供便利。在最初一段時(shí)期,該公司的交易量達(dá)到了FTX總交量的50%。班克曼-弗萊德表示,為了讓Alameda公司繼續(xù)發(fā)揮“潤滑劑”作用,以及提供必要的后臺(tái)流動(dòng)性,他的兩個(gè)重要副手——首席技術(shù)官蓋瑞·王和工程總監(jiān)尼沙德·辛格在他不知情的情況下,制定了幾項(xiàng)修復(fù)措施。
這些修改項(xiàng)中包含了兩項(xiàng)最終導(dǎo)致Alameda公司崩盤的功能。其一是允許賬戶積累負(fù)余額,其二則將Alameda公司在FTX的信貸額度調(diào)至600億美元以上。班克曼-弗萊德在證詞中暗示,他對(duì)這些功能修改大概是知道的,但還是允許兩位副手自行操作了。但這兩位副手則作證稱,他們是在班克曼-弗萊德的指示下進(jìn)行這些改動(dòng)的。
“更好的了解”
班克曼-弗萊德還反復(fù)重復(fù)同樣的借口——他雖然名義上是FTX的負(fù)責(zé)人,但他負(fù)責(zé)的方向太多了,所以很多事他并不清楚真正發(fā)生了什么。
在被問到關(guān)于FTX的資產(chǎn)追蹤的問題時(shí),他回應(yīng)道:“我也希望對(duì)這些事能有更好的了解?!?/p>
他表示,當(dāng)時(shí)他每天都要工作12到22個(gè)小時(shí)。盡管他是Alameda公司的創(chuàng)始人、大股東,并曾擔(dān)任該公司的首席執(zhí)行官,但他從2021年年中起就讓埃里森和薩姆·特拉布科接管了這家公司。他們的技能具有互補(bǔ)性,特拉布科擅長(zhǎng)對(duì)沖策略,埃里森則更擅長(zhǎng)管理員工。班克曼-弗萊德表示,特拉布科很快就“傾向”于提前退休,把所有責(zé)任都推給了埃里森。至于他自己,則并未參與該公司的“日常管理”。
FTX刑事訴訟一案的核心,就是圍繞著Alameda公司是否故意竊取數(shù)百億美元的客戶資產(chǎn)展開的,而班克曼-弗萊德從作證伊始就否認(rèn)了這一指控。他的律師表示,檢方對(duì)班克曼-弗萊德的直接盤問將持續(xù)至本周一。屆時(shí)檢方或許將有機(jī)會(huì)在他的證詞中直接找到漏洞——而且這一次將是直接在陪審團(tuán)面前。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:樸成奎
經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾個(gè)月的法律訴訟和持續(xù)三周的聽證會(huì)后,山姆·班克曼-弗萊德終于有機(jī)會(huì)告訴陪審團(tuán)他的虛擬幣交易所是如何崩盤的,以及他為什么不應(yīng)該被追究刑事責(zé)任。
山姆·班克曼-弗萊德是美國知名虛擬幣交易所FTX的創(chuàng)始人。上周四,他在美國出席了一場(chǎng)聽證會(huì),這場(chǎng)聽證會(huì)的奇怪之處在于沒有陪審員列席。在美國司法部檢察官的盤問下,他的表現(xiàn)極其糟糕。聽證會(huì)在上周五繼續(xù)舉行。
班克曼-弗萊德決定出席作證的做法在美國商界并不典型,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)被告害怕言多必失自證其罪,而往往選擇不出庭。檢方在這次聽證會(huì)上擺出了一付勢(shì)在必得的架式,他們找來了三位重要證人,他們都是班克曼-弗萊德的核心小圈子的成員。三位證人都證實(shí)他們?cè)诎嗫寺?弗萊德的指使下犯下了欺詐行為。在這種不利局面下,班克曼-弗萊德的辯護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)也只能是死馬當(dāng)活馬醫(yī)了。
班克曼-弗萊德的律師也在交叉質(zhì)證過程中提出了一些問題,負(fù)責(zé)此案的法官劉易斯·卡普蘭表示,這些問題很可不能不會(huì)在陪審團(tuán)面前被采納。其中最主要的是班克曼-弗里德本人的辯詞,他辯稱FTX交易所的很多錯(cuò)誤行為都要?dú)w咎于以前律師的錯(cuò)誤建議。
在上周四的聽證會(huì)中,控辯雙方在沒有陪審團(tuán)在場(chǎng)的情況下進(jìn)行了交叉質(zhì)問。卡普蘭于次日裁定,此次聽證會(huì)上的大部分證詞將不會(huì)被陪審團(tuán)聽取,包括FTX的律師們是否簽過財(cái)務(wù)票據(jù)和服務(wù)條款,等等。
盡管局面對(duì)他不利,班克曼-弗萊德還是決定繼續(xù)出席聽證。
“小錯(cuò)與大錯(cuò)”
眼見扣鍋給以前的律師似乎不太可能被法庭采信,班克曼-弗萊德又開始尋找其他的扣鍋對(duì)象。從他的辯護(hù)律師和個(gè)人陳述看,他扣鍋的對(duì)象還包括他的前女友、FTX的關(guān)聯(lián)交易公司Alameda Research的前首席執(zhí)行官卡羅琳·埃里森。
在律師馬克·科恩的辯護(hù)下,班克曼-弗萊德在作證開始時(shí)表示了一些懺悔之情。
“我犯了一些小錯(cuò),也犯了一些大錯(cuò)?!彼f。他穿著一身方方正正的西裝,不過在他瘦弱的身材上顯得有些略大了。
班克曼-弗萊德表示,這些問題主要?dú)w咎于FTX缺乏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。雖然他也承認(rèn)了部分欺詐行為,但他同時(shí)明確表示,其他人也犯了錯(cuò),而且是鉆了他管理松散的空子。
比如他回憶道,在2020年的一次事故中,由于FTX的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)引擎落后,加上是他前女友的Alameda公司充當(dāng)后臺(tái)流動(dòng)性提供商的角色(換句話說,它的責(zé)任是吸收其他用戶的損失),導(dǎo)致FTX積累了幾萬億美元的負(fù)余額,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了整個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)的關(guān)閉。
Alameda公司在FTX一案中扮演了重要的做市商的角色——也就是為用戶間的交易提供便利。在最初一段時(shí)期,該公司的交易量達(dá)到了FTX總交量的50%。班克曼-弗萊德表示,為了讓Alameda公司繼續(xù)發(fā)揮“潤滑劑”作用,以及提供必要的后臺(tái)流動(dòng)性,他的兩個(gè)重要副手——首席技術(shù)官蓋瑞·王和工程總監(jiān)尼沙德·辛格在他不知情的情況下,制定了幾項(xiàng)修復(fù)措施。
這些修改項(xiàng)中包含了兩項(xiàng)最終導(dǎo)致Alameda公司崩盤的功能。其一是允許賬戶積累負(fù)余額,其二則將Alameda公司在FTX的信貸額度調(diào)至600億美元以上。班克曼-弗萊德在證詞中暗示,他對(duì)這些功能修改大概是知道的,但還是允許兩位副手自行操作了。但這兩位副手則作證稱,他們是在班克曼-弗萊德的指示下進(jìn)行這些改動(dòng)的。
“更好的了解”
班克曼-弗萊德還反復(fù)重復(fù)同樣的借口——他雖然名義上是FTX的負(fù)責(zé)人,但他負(fù)責(zé)的方向太多了,所以很多事他并不清楚真正發(fā)生了什么。
在被問到關(guān)于FTX的資產(chǎn)追蹤的問題時(shí),他回應(yīng)道:“我也希望對(duì)這些事能有更好的了解?!?/p>
他表示,當(dāng)時(shí)他每天都要工作12到22個(gè)小時(shí)。盡管他是Alameda公司的創(chuàng)始人、大股東,并曾擔(dān)任該公司的首席執(zhí)行官,但他從2021年年中起就讓埃里森和薩姆·特拉布科接管了這家公司。他們的技能具有互補(bǔ)性,特拉布科擅長(zhǎng)對(duì)沖策略,埃里森則更擅長(zhǎng)管理員工。班克曼-弗萊德表示,特拉布科很快就“傾向”于提前退休,把所有責(zé)任都推給了埃里森。至于他自己,則并未參與該公司的“日常管理”。
FTX刑事訴訟一案的核心,就是圍繞著Alameda公司是否故意竊取數(shù)百億美元的客戶資產(chǎn)展開的,而班克曼-弗萊德從作證伊始就否認(rèn)了這一指控。他的律師表示,檢方對(duì)班克曼-弗萊德的直接盤問將持續(xù)至本周一。屆時(shí)檢方或許將有機(jī)會(huì)在他的證詞中直接找到漏洞——而且這一次將是直接在陪審團(tuán)面前。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:樸成奎
After months of legal jockeying and three weeks of testimony, Sam Bankman-Fried finally had the opportunity to tell a jury how his crypto exchange collapsed—and why he shouldn’t be held criminally responsible.
After an unusual hearing without jurors present on Thursday, which saw the FTX founder put on a disastrous performance under cross-examination by Department of Justice prosecutors, he got a do-over on Friday.
His decision to testify at all is atypical, with most defendants choosing not to take the stand for fear of self-incrimination. Still, prosecutors’ unrelenting case—including three star witnesses, all members of Bankman-Fried’s inner circle who testified they committed fraud at his direction—forced his team to pull what some are describing as a legal Hail Mary.
Bankman-Fried’s attorneys proposed a number of topics that the judge overseeing the case, Lewis Kaplan, said may not be admissible in front of a jury. Chief among these was Bankman-Fried’s defense that many of the exchange’s missteps had stemmed from the bad advice of previous lawyers.
After a dry run on Thursday that saw the defense and prosecution carry out their questions without a jury present, Kaplan ruled on Friday that much of the testimony should not be heard by jurors, including whether FTX lawyers had signed off on financial promissory notes and terms of service.
Despite the setback, Bankman-Fried retook the stand.
‘Smaller mistakes…larger mistakes’
With Bankman-Fried’s ability to blame earlier lawyers severely restricted, he sought out other targets. His attorneys—and personal writings—indicated that he would shift responsibility to Caroline Ellison, his onetime girlfriend and the former CEO of Alameda Research, FTX’s associated trading firm.
At the onset of his testimony, under defense attorney Mark Cohen, Bankman-Fried offered some contrition.
“I made a number of smaller mistakes and a number of larger mistakes,” he said, wearing a boxy suit that seemed oversize on his slighter frame.
The issues, Bankman-Fried said, stemmed from FTX’s lack of risk management. And even though he admitted to some fault, his answers made clear that others had committed errors, albeit under his loose approach to management.
In one incident from 2020, Bankman-Fried recalled how FTX’s lagging risk engine and Alameda’s role as a backstop liquidity provider—in other words, its responsibility to absorb losses from other users—caused the trading firm to rack up a negative balance in the trillions of dollars, triggering the entire operation to shut down.
Alameda served an important role to FTX as a market maker—facilitating trades between users—and at one point early on was responsible for 50% of all volume on the exchange. To make sure that Alameda could continue to grease the engine and serve as a backstop liquidity, Bankman-Fried said that two of his key deputies—CTO Gary Wang and engineering chief Nishad Singh—instituted several fixes, without his explicit knowledge.
These eventually included two features that would lead to Alameda’s downfall, including one that allowed it to rack up negative balances, and another that put its line of credit on FTX above $60 billion. In his testimony, Bankman-Fried implied that he was vaguely aware of the solutions, but allowed Wang and Singh to operate on their own. Both testified that they had made the changes under Bankman-Fried’s direction.
‘Better understanding’
Bankman-Fried kept repeating the same excuse: While he was nominally in charge of FTX, he was pulled in too many directions to know what was happening.
“I wish I had a better understanding than I had,” he said, responding to Cohen when asked about tracking assets on the exchange.
He said that he worked anywhere from 12 to 22 hours a day. Even though he was the founder, majority owner, and onetime CEO of Alameda, he put Ellison and Sam Trabucco in charge in mid-2021. They had complementing skills, with Trabucco adept at hedging strategies and Ellison better at managing employees. Trabucco soon “drifted” toward early retirement, said Bankman-Fried, laying all responsibility at the feet of Ellison. Bankman-Fried said he was not involved in the “day-to-day.”
His criminal trial revolves around the allegation that Alameda stole billions of dollars of customer assets, which Bankman-Fried denied at the start of his testimony. His direct examination will continue into Monday, his attorney said, at which point prosecutors will have the opportunity to poke holes in his story—this time, in front of a jury.