大多數(shù)千禧一代和X世代對(duì)他們的父母到了退休年齡后會(huì)發(fā)生什么幾乎一無(wú)所知。這將成為一個(gè)越來(lái)越現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題,尤其是對(duì)于那些父母屬于中等收入階層的人來(lái)說(shuō)。
在SCAN Foundation的資助下,芝加哥大學(xué)全國(guó)民意研究中心(NORC)分析的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,美國(guó)四分之三的中等收入老年人如果在未來(lái)十年內(nèi)不出售房屋,將無(wú)法支付輔助生活服務(wù)費(fèi)用。
嬰兒潮一代——人口數(shù)量龐大的一代人——正在步入老年。芝加哥大學(xué)全國(guó)民意研究中心發(fā)現(xiàn),到2033年,中等收入的老年人將達(dá)到1600萬(wàn)。正如芝加哥大學(xué)全國(guó)民意研究中心在研究綜述所解釋的那樣:“許多人將難以支付他們所需的醫(yī)療、個(gè)人護(hù)理和住房服務(wù)費(fèi)用?!词箵碛蟹课輧糁?,也有近40%的人負(fù)擔(dān)不起輔助生活費(fèi)用?!?/p>
重新考慮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
隨著時(shí)間的推移,這些費(fèi)用對(duì)美國(guó)老年人來(lái)說(shuō)變得越來(lái)越沉重。根據(jù)美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)的數(shù)據(jù),2002年,65歲以上的成年人平均每年花費(fèi)4.8萬(wàn)美元(經(jīng)通脹調(diào)整后得出)。如今,65歲以上的成年人的平均花費(fèi)水平為5.8萬(wàn)美元,增幅超過(guò)20%。目前,輔助生活機(jī)構(gòu)的平均租金和醫(yī)療費(fèi)用為每年6.5萬(wàn)美元。
正如哈佛大學(xué)的一份報(bào)告所指出的那樣,“2021年,年收入在1.5萬(wàn)美元到3萬(wàn)美元之間的老年人家庭,除支付住房費(fèi)用外,每月可用于支付其他費(fèi)用的中位數(shù)為1000美元?!蹦切┦杖胼^低的家庭的平均收入不足以支付住房費(fèi)用,更不必提及滿(mǎn)足其他基本需求了?!?/p>
種族差異只會(huì)加劇這種狀況,有色人種隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)會(huì)遇到更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。
大多數(shù)人都希望自己的父母能住在自己家里。他們的父母也希望如此:根據(jù)Today’s Homeowner的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,89%的55歲以上美國(guó)人希望居家養(yǎng)老。
同時(shí),半數(shù)以上的美國(guó)人認(rèn)為他們無(wú)法按時(shí)舒適地退休。年輕一代對(duì)自己最終需要攢夠多少退休資金并不確定,而他們?cè)谫狆B(yǎng)父母方面也準(zhǔn)備不足。
情況必須做出改變。如果你是三明治一代——X世代和較年長(zhǎng)的千禧一代——希望分擔(dān)照護(hù)退休父母的責(zé)任,那么你首先應(yīng)該結(jié)合自己的情況來(lái)考慮父母的退休計(jì)劃。
大多數(shù)理財(cái)建議都建議人們計(jì)算自己退休后所需的資金,然后圍繞這一數(shù)字規(guī)劃儲(chǔ)蓄。這是很好的建議,但很可能只適用于他們自己及其受撫養(yǎng)人。相反,照護(hù)者應(yīng)該重新計(jì)算這一數(shù)字,并與父母進(jìn)行討論。
不幸的是,許多中等收入的老年人實(shí)際上可能會(huì)從減少儲(chǔ)蓄中受益,這樣他們就有資格獲得醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助,從而能夠在輔助生活和醫(yī)療保健方面獲得政府的支持。
除了了解醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)不會(huì)支付所有費(fèi)用外,照護(hù)者還應(yīng)該清楚地了解自己的支出情況。
為了避免被每月高昂的開(kāi)支打個(gè)措手不及,照護(hù)者可以通過(guò)為父母的退休生活建立應(yīng)急基金來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這類(lèi)基金可以根據(jù)個(gè)人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承受能力采用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。有些人可能會(huì)選擇只為父母的生活費(fèi)用預(yù)留資金,而另一些人可能希望為更嚴(yán)重的情況準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)急資金。
進(jìn)行艱難的對(duì)話(huà)
弄清楚這一切意味著要與父母進(jìn)行艱難的對(duì)話(huà)。大家盡快達(dá)成共識(shí)至關(guān)重要。
對(duì)許多父母來(lái)說(shuō),考慮接受子女的幫助是一件令人尷尬的事。其他人可能會(huì)因?yàn)榻o子女增加負(fù)擔(dān)而感到內(nèi)疚。但是,當(dāng)親人生病或生活不能自理時(shí),那些不愿討論這些問(wèn)題的家庭可能會(huì)遇到始料不及的災(zāi)難性意外。當(dāng)這種情況發(fā)生時(shí),大家最不想考慮的就是金錢(qián)問(wèn)題。
如果有幫助的話(huà),可以將這些討論歸結(jié)為共同財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃會(huì)議。這讓每個(gè)人都覺(jué)得自己扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。我曾與我的父母進(jìn)行過(guò)這樣的談話(huà),當(dāng)我?guī)е闷婧烷_(kāi)放的態(tài)度與他們接觸時(shí),談話(huà)總是進(jìn)行得非常順利。
這些談話(huà)進(jìn)行得并不順暢,但它們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬献屛覍?duì)我們共同的財(cái)務(wù)健康狀況感到放心。
支持政策變革
在宏觀(guān)層面上解決這一問(wèn)題意味著要加大努力支持為照護(hù)者提供幫助的政策。
特別是,兩黨在2021年提出的《照護(hù)者信貸法案 》(Credit for Caring Act)將標(biāo)志著在減輕照護(hù)者負(fù)擔(dān)方面邁出了重要一步。該法案為超過(guò)2000美元的符合條件的照護(hù)費(fèi)用提供30%的稅收抵免,最高抵免額為5000美元。該法案得到了美國(guó)退休人員協(xié)會(huì)(AARP)、阿爾茨海默病協(xié)會(huì)(Alzheimer's Association)、聯(lián)合勸募會(huì)(United Way)和沃爾格林(Walgreens)等組織的廣泛支持。
此外,越來(lái)越多的州正在頒布針對(duì)私營(yíng)雇主的強(qiáng)制性帶薪家事假法律。截至2023年9月,有8個(gè)州要求私營(yíng)雇主遵守照護(hù)假期政策相關(guān)規(guī)定,另有5個(gè)州將在2026年之前實(shí)施這些政策。
給政治代表寫(xiě)信、在市政廳發(fā)言以及向媒體談?wù)撜兆o(hù)者的困境,也有助于影響政策制定者對(duì)為照護(hù)者提供支持的看法。
在沒(méi)有強(qiáng)制休假政策的州,一些人也在其工作場(chǎng)所推動(dòng)照護(hù)假期政策。雖然雇主是自愿提供這些假期的,但越多的州頒布帶薪休假政策,這種想法就越正?;?。
要應(yīng)對(duì)老年人的負(fù)擔(dān)能力危機(jī),就需要采取類(lèi)似的小措施,并在社會(huì)最有影響力的機(jī)構(gòu)中進(jìn)行大刀闊斧的變革。通過(guò)不懈努力,我們可以幫助確保父母擁有他們所需的一切,能夠體面地安享晚年。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
薩里塔·A·莫漢蒂(Sarita A. Mohanty)是SCAN Foundation的總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官,該基金會(huì)致力于解決影響老年人財(cái)務(wù)安全的系統(tǒng)性因素問(wèn)題。
Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀(guān)點(diǎn),僅代表作者本人的觀(guān)點(diǎn),不代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀(guān)點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。
譯者:中慧言-王芳
大多數(shù)千禧一代和X世代對(duì)他們的父母到了退休年齡后會(huì)發(fā)生什么幾乎一無(wú)所知。這將成為一個(gè)越來(lái)越現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題,尤其是對(duì)于那些父母屬于中等收入階層的人來(lái)說(shuō)。
在SCAN Foundation的資助下,芝加哥大學(xué)全國(guó)民意研究中心(NORC)分析的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,美國(guó)四分之三的中等收入老年人如果在未來(lái)十年內(nèi)不出售房屋,將無(wú)法支付輔助生活服務(wù)費(fèi)用。
嬰兒潮一代——人口數(shù)量龐大的一代人——正在步入老年。芝加哥大學(xué)全國(guó)民意研究中心發(fā)現(xiàn),到2033年,中等收入的老年人將達(dá)到1600萬(wàn)。正如芝加哥大學(xué)全國(guó)民意研究中心在研究綜述所解釋的那樣:“許多人將難以支付他們所需的醫(yī)療、個(gè)人護(hù)理和住房服務(wù)費(fèi)用?!词箵碛蟹课輧糁?,也有近40%的人負(fù)擔(dān)不起輔助生活費(fèi)用?!?/p>
重新考慮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
隨著時(shí)間的推移,這些費(fèi)用對(duì)美國(guó)老年人來(lái)說(shuō)變得越來(lái)越沉重。根據(jù)美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)的數(shù)據(jù),2002年,65歲以上的成年人平均每年花費(fèi)4.8萬(wàn)美元(經(jīng)通脹調(diào)整后得出)。如今,65歲以上的成年人的平均花費(fèi)水平為5.8萬(wàn)美元,增幅超過(guò)20%。目前,輔助生活機(jī)構(gòu)的平均租金和醫(yī)療費(fèi)用為每年6.5萬(wàn)美元。
正如哈佛大學(xué)的一份報(bào)告所指出的那樣,“2021年,年收入在1.5萬(wàn)美元到3萬(wàn)美元之間的老年人家庭,除支付住房費(fèi)用外,每月可用于支付其他費(fèi)用的中位數(shù)為1000美元?!蹦切┦杖胼^低的家庭的平均收入不足以支付住房費(fèi)用,更不必提及滿(mǎn)足其他基本需求了?!?/p>
種族差異只會(huì)加劇這種狀況,有色人種隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)會(huì)遇到更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。
大多數(shù)人都希望自己的父母能住在自己家里。他們的父母也希望如此:根據(jù)Today’s Homeowner的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,89%的55歲以上美國(guó)人希望居家養(yǎng)老。
同時(shí),半數(shù)以上的美國(guó)人認(rèn)為他們無(wú)法按時(shí)舒適地退休。年輕一代對(duì)自己最終需要攢夠多少退休資金并不確定,而他們?cè)谫狆B(yǎng)父母方面也準(zhǔn)備不足。
情況必須做出改變。如果你是三明治一代——X世代和較年長(zhǎng)的千禧一代——希望分擔(dān)照護(hù)退休父母的責(zé)任,那么你首先應(yīng)該結(jié)合自己的情況來(lái)考慮父母的退休計(jì)劃。
大多數(shù)理財(cái)建議都建議人們計(jì)算自己退休后所需的資金,然后圍繞這一數(shù)字規(guī)劃儲(chǔ)蓄。這是很好的建議,但很可能只適用于他們自己及其受撫養(yǎng)人。相反,照護(hù)者應(yīng)該重新計(jì)算這一數(shù)字,并與父母進(jìn)行討論。
不幸的是,許多中等收入的老年人實(shí)際上可能會(huì)從減少儲(chǔ)蓄中受益,這樣他們就有資格獲得醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助,從而能夠在輔助生活和醫(yī)療保健方面獲得政府的支持。
除了了解醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)不會(huì)支付所有費(fèi)用外,照護(hù)者還應(yīng)該清楚地了解自己的支出情況。
為了避免被每月高昂的開(kāi)支打個(gè)措手不及,照護(hù)者可以通過(guò)為父母的退休生活建立應(yīng)急基金來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這類(lèi)基金可以根據(jù)個(gè)人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承受能力采用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。有些人可能會(huì)選擇只為父母的生活費(fèi)用預(yù)留資金,而另一些人可能希望為更嚴(yán)重的情況準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)急資金。
進(jìn)行艱難的對(duì)話(huà)
弄清楚這一切意味著要與父母進(jìn)行艱難的對(duì)話(huà)。大家盡快達(dá)成共識(shí)至關(guān)重要。
對(duì)許多父母來(lái)說(shuō),考慮接受子女的幫助是一件令人尷尬的事。其他人可能會(huì)因?yàn)榻o子女增加負(fù)擔(dān)而感到內(nèi)疚。但是,當(dāng)親人生病或生活不能自理時(shí),那些不愿討論這些問(wèn)題的家庭可能會(huì)遇到始料不及的災(zāi)難性意外。當(dāng)這種情況發(fā)生時(shí),大家最不想考慮的就是金錢(qián)問(wèn)題。
如果有幫助的話(huà),可以將這些討論歸結(jié)為共同財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃會(huì)議。這讓每個(gè)人都覺(jué)得自己扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。我曾與我的父母進(jìn)行過(guò)這樣的談話(huà),當(dāng)我?guī)е闷婧烷_(kāi)放的態(tài)度與他們接觸時(shí),談話(huà)總是進(jìn)行得非常順利。
這些談話(huà)進(jìn)行得并不順暢,但它們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬献屛覍?duì)我們共同的財(cái)務(wù)健康狀況感到放心。
支持政策變革
在宏觀(guān)層面上解決這一問(wèn)題意味著要加大努力支持為照護(hù)者提供幫助的政策。
特別是,兩黨在2021年提出的《照護(hù)者信貸法案 》(Credit for Caring Act)將標(biāo)志著在減輕照護(hù)者負(fù)擔(dān)方面邁出了重要一步。該法案為超過(guò)2000美元的符合條件的照護(hù)費(fèi)用提供30%的稅收抵免,最高抵免額為5000美元。該法案得到了美國(guó)退休人員協(xié)會(huì)(AARP)、阿爾茨海默病協(xié)會(huì)(Alzheimer's Association)、聯(lián)合勸募會(huì)(United Way)和沃爾格林(Walgreens)等組織的廣泛支持。
此外,越來(lái)越多的州正在頒布針對(duì)私營(yíng)雇主的強(qiáng)制性帶薪家事假法律。截至2023年9月,有8個(gè)州要求私營(yíng)雇主遵守照護(hù)假期政策相關(guān)規(guī)定,另有5個(gè)州將在2026年之前實(shí)施這些政策。
給政治代表寫(xiě)信、在市政廳發(fā)言以及向媒體談?wù)撜兆o(hù)者的困境,也有助于影響政策制定者對(duì)為照護(hù)者提供支持的看法。
在沒(méi)有強(qiáng)制休假政策的州,一些人也在其工作場(chǎng)所推動(dòng)照護(hù)假期政策。雖然雇主是自愿提供這些假期的,但越多的州頒布帶薪休假政策,這種想法就越正?;?/p>
要應(yīng)對(duì)老年人的負(fù)擔(dān)能力危機(jī),就需要采取類(lèi)似的小措施,并在社會(huì)最有影響力的機(jī)構(gòu)中進(jìn)行大刀闊斧的變革。通過(guò)不懈努力,我們可以幫助確保父母擁有他們所需的一切,能夠體面地安享晚年。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
薩里塔·A·莫漢蒂(Sarita A. Mohanty)是SCAN Foundation的總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官,該基金會(huì)致力于解決影響老年人財(cái)務(wù)安全的系統(tǒng)性因素問(wèn)題。
Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀(guān)點(diǎn),僅代表作者本人的觀(guān)點(diǎn),不代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀(guān)點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。
譯者:中慧言-王芳
Most millennials and Gen Xers have little idea of what’s going to happen when their parents hit retirement age. That’s about to become an increasingly real problem, particularly for those with parents in the middle-income stratum.
A retirement affordability crisis is escalating in the U.S. Three out of four middle-income older Americans won’t have enough to pay for assisted living services without selling their homes within a decade, according to data analyzed by NORC at the University of Chicago, supported by a grant from The SCAN Foundation.
Baby boomers–a massive generation–are moving into older adulthood. NORC found that there will be 16 million middle-income older adults by 2033. As NORC’s research summary explains: “Many will struggle to pay for the health, personal care, and housing services they need. … Even with home equity, nearly 40% will not be able to afford assisted living.”
Rethinking risk
These expenses have become more onerous for older Americans over time. In 2002, adults over 65 spent $48,000 (adjusted for inflation) a year on average, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Today, the average is $58,000, a more than 20% increase. The average rent and medical costs for those in assisted living currently stand at $65,000 a year.
As noted in a Harvard University report, “In 2021, older households with annual incomes between $15,000 and $30,000 had a median of $1,000 per month available to cover other expenses after paying for housing. Those earning less had incomes that, on average, were insufficient to meet their housing costs, to say nothing of other basic needs.”
Racial disparities are only compounding this situation, with people of color experiencing more financial hardship as they age.
Most people want to see their parents stay in their own homes. The same goes for their parents: 89% of Americans over 55 want to age in place, according to a survey by Today’s Homeowner.
Meanwhile, more than half of all Americans feel they’re not on pace to retire comfortably. With younger generations unsure about funding their eventual retirement, they are woefully unprepared to also support their parents.
Something has to give. If you’re in the sandwich generation–Gen X and older millennials–and want to share in the responsibility for their parents’ retirement, you should begin by thinking of your parents’ retirement plans in the context of your own.
Most financial advice suggests people calculate what they’ll need in retirement, and then plan their savings around that number. That’s good counsel, but it’s likely they’re only applying it to themselves and their dependents. Instead, caregivers should recalculate that number and discuss it with their parents.
Tragically, many middle-income older adults might actually benefit from spending down their savings so they qualify for Medicaid, which would enable them to receive government support for assisted living and healthcare.
In addition to understanding that Medicare will not pay for everything, caregivers should have a strong grasp on what their costs will be.
To avoid being caught off-guard by towering monthly expenses, caregivers can derisk by establishing a rainy day fund for their parents’ retirement. Such a fund can be structured differently depending on one’s risk tolerance. Some might choose to only set aside money for their parents’ living costs, while others might want to have emergency funds available for more serious situations.
Having tough conversations
Figuring this all out means having hard conversations with parents. It’s critical that everyone’s on the same page as soon as possible.
For many parents, it’s embarrassing to consider receiving help from their children. Others may feel guilty about burdening them. But families that prefer to brush these discussions under the rug could be in for unexpected and catastrophic surprises when a loved one falls ill or becomes unable to take care of themselves. When this happens, the last thing anyone wants to think about is money.
If it helps, they can be framed more as joint financial planning sessions. That makes everyone feel that they’re playing a vital role. I’ve had such conversations with my parents, and they always went best when I approached them with an inquisitive and open attitude.
These conversations weren’t easy, but they went a long way toward reassuring me about our joint financial health going forward.
Supporting policy changes
Solving this problem on a macro level means working to support policies that aid caregivers.
In particular, the bipartisan Credit for Caring Act, introduced in 2021, would mark a significant step in alleviating the burden on caregivers. The bill provides a tax credit of 30% for qualified caregiving expenses over $2,000, with a maximum credit of $5,000. And it has widespread support from organizations such as the AARP, Alzheimer’s Association, United Way, and Walgreens.
In addition, more states are enacting mandatory paid family leave laws for private employers. As of September 2023, eight states required caregiver leave, and five more are set to implement these policies by 2026.
Writing letters to political representatives, speaking up at town halls, and talking to the media about caregiver struggles can also help influence policymakers’ views on caregiver support.
Some people are also pushing for caregiver leave policies at their workplaces in states without mandatory leave policies. Though employers offer these voluntarily, the more paid leave policies are enacted, the more the idea becomes normalized.
Confronting the affordability crisis for older adults will require a combination of small steps like these and courageous changes among society’s most influential institutions. With dedicated effort, we can help ensure our parents have what they need to age gracefully.
Sarita A. Mohanty is president and CEO of The SCAN Foundation, an organization committed to addressing systemic factors that influence an older individual’s financial security.
The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.