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穆迪經(jīng)濟學家:即使降息美國人也買不起房

Alena Botros
2024-08-08

抵押貸款利率可能進一步下降。

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美聯(lián)儲主席杰羅姆·鮑威爾。Bonnie Cash via Getty Images

我們正處于一個奇怪的時代。上周五,我們看到一份不及預(yù)期的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)報告;本周一,全球股市遭遇崩盤。唯一的亮點是,抵押貸款周利率降至2月份以來的最低水平,這對潛在購房者或一直等待重新貸款或出售房產(chǎn)的人來說是個好消息。抵押貸款利率甚至可能進一步下降,因為美聯(lián)儲9月份幾乎肯定會進行一次降息。即便如此,也無法解決美國面臨的住房可負擔性危機。

當前的市場仍不穩(wěn)定。首先,如果失業(yè)率繼續(xù)攀升,抵押貸款利率下降的作用就會減弱。如果不工作沒有收入,購買房屋就會很困難。此外,抵押貸款利率仍未達到大約6%或以下的神奇數(shù)字或最佳水平,因此現(xiàn)在可能不足以讓所有觀望者回到市場。不管怎樣,重要的是,目前處于20多年高位的聯(lián)邦基金利率也會影響借貸成本。目前存在很多不確定性,即使降息,也不會有效解決美國仍然沒有足夠的住房來容納所有人口的問題。

在最近發(fā)布的一份題為《9月降息不足以緩解住房可負擔性危機》(A September rate cut is not enough to relieve the housing affordability crisis)的分析報告中,穆迪的一位經(jīng)濟學家解釋說,無論是降息0.5個百分點還是0.25個百分點,債券市場已經(jīng)消化了降息帶來的正面提振。30年期固定抵押貸款的平均利率與10年期美國國債的收益率相關(guān),后者已降至約3.7%,為2023年5月以來的最低水平。固定利率抵押貸款和國債收益率通常像葡萄酒和奶酪一樣相配,但這一切將如何影響房地產(chǎn)市場還遠不能確定。

簡單來說,美聯(lián)儲降息是為了刺激經(jīng)濟,這樣就可以產(chǎn)生更多借貸。如果美聯(lián)儲長時間不降息,一些人會擔心經(jīng)濟出現(xiàn)硬著陸;但如果降息太快,一些人又會擔心通貨膨脹會反彈。這兩種情況都不利于房地產(chǎn)市場的發(fā)展。

經(jīng)濟學家尼克?維拉寫道:“即使在9月可能會出現(xiàn)本輪加息周期后的首次降息,聯(lián)邦基金利率仍將處于限制性區(qū)間,需要進一步降息,才能幫助房地產(chǎn)市場恢復到更加平衡的狀態(tài)?!?/p>

美聯(lián)儲兩年多前開始加息,導致抵押貸款利率飆升,疫情期間的抵押貸款利率歷史低點也已經(jīng)成為過去。去年10月,抵押貸款日利率達到8.03%,此后一直下降,特別是在經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)疲軟的推動下,最近幾天更是如此。昨天,抵押貸款日利率跌至52周以來的低點6.34%(不過今天又回升至6.52%)。但抵押貸款利率只是其中一個影響因素。在所有抵押貸款利率波動之前,房價已大幅上漲。即使房價上漲速度放緩,情況也沒有逆轉(zhuǎn),市場沒有恢復到平衡狀態(tài)。他寫道,“租房成本約15年都高于買房成本,現(xiàn)在買房成本高過了租房成本,” 而且兩者之間的差距最終達到了有記錄以來的最高點。

維拉繼續(xù)寫道:“降息肯定會有所幫助,但根據(jù)截至2024年6月的現(xiàn)房中位數(shù)價格,30年期固定抵押貸款利率降低25至50個基點并不足以扭轉(zhuǎn)局面,使租房成本再次超過買房成本。大致來說,根據(jù)中位數(shù)房價,30年期固定抵押貸款利率需要降至5.25%以下才能達到扭轉(zhuǎn)局面的效果?!保ǜ鶕?jù)截至6月的最新可用數(shù)據(jù),現(xiàn)房的中位數(shù)售價為426,900美元;新房的中位數(shù)售價為417,300美元。)

解決方案在于供給,而影響供給的主要有兩個因素:鎖定效應(yīng)和多年來房屋建設(shè)不足導致的住房短缺。前者是一個暫時現(xiàn)象。維拉解釋稱,因為抵押貸款利率快速大幅上漲,基本上任何已經(jīng)鎖定低利率的人都不愿意放棄低利率賣掉房子,這“阻止了更多房源進入市場”。幸運的是,目前的房源供應(yīng)量比兩年前有所增加。(維拉引用全美房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀人協(xié)會(National Association of Realtors)的數(shù)據(jù)指出,2022年1月,房源售出周期僅為1.6個月(房源售出周期指按當前銷售速度計算,賣掉存量房所需的月份數(shù))。而到了今年6月,房源售出周期增加到了4.1個月。6個月被認為是供需平衡的標準。)但眾所周知,我們看到現(xiàn)房中位數(shù)售價再次創(chuàng)下歷史新高。

維拉寫道:“雖然較低的抵押貸款利率可能會釋放更多的房源供應(yīng),但歸根結(jié)底,美國存在結(jié)構(gòu)性住房赤字,需要繼續(xù)建造更多的房屋。自全球金融危機以來,美國多年的房屋建設(shè)不足,導致預(yù)計至少有190萬套的住房短缺?!?/p>

多個不同的估算均顯示,全美短缺的住房數(shù)量為數(shù)百萬套。根據(jù)穆迪的分析,美國去年建造了更多住房,而今年預(yù)計也將是一個建造勢頭強勁的年份,但僅憑這些加上一次降息并不足以解決所有問題。美聯(lián)儲主席杰羅姆?鮑威爾本人在三月初也曾明確表示:“隨著經(jīng)濟和利率的正?;?,與低利率抵押貸款鎖定以及高抵押貸款利率相關(guān)的問題,會逐步緩解。但我們?nèi)詴媾R全國性的住房短缺問題。”(財富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:郝秀

審校:汪皓

我們正處于一個奇怪的時代。上周五,我們看到一份不及預(yù)期的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)報告;本周一,全球股市遭遇崩盤。唯一的亮點是,抵押貸款周利率降至2月份以來的最低水平,這對潛在購房者或一直等待重新貸款或出售房產(chǎn)的人來說是個好消息。抵押貸款利率甚至可能進一步下降,因為美聯(lián)儲9月份幾乎肯定會進行一次降息。即便如此,也無法解決美國面臨的住房可負擔性危機。

當前的市場仍不穩(wěn)定。首先,如果失業(yè)率繼續(xù)攀升,抵押貸款利率下降的作用就會減弱。如果不工作沒有收入,購買房屋就會很困難。此外,抵押貸款利率仍未達到大約6%或以下的神奇數(shù)字或最佳水平,因此現(xiàn)在可能不足以讓所有觀望者回到市場。不管怎樣,重要的是,目前處于20多年高位的聯(lián)邦基金利率也會影響借貸成本。目前存在很多不確定性,即使降息,也不會有效解決美國仍然沒有足夠的住房來容納所有人口的問題。

在最近發(fā)布的一份題為《9月降息不足以緩解住房可負擔性危機》(A September rate cut is not enough to relieve the housing affordability crisis)的分析報告中,穆迪的一位經(jīng)濟學家解釋說,無論是降息0.5個百分點還是0.25個百分點,債券市場已經(jīng)消化了降息帶來的正面提振。30年期固定抵押貸款的平均利率與10年期美國國債的收益率相關(guān),后者已降至約3.7%,為2023年5月以來的最低水平。固定利率抵押貸款和國債收益率通常像葡萄酒和奶酪一樣相配,但這一切將如何影響房地產(chǎn)市場還遠不能確定。

簡單來說,美聯(lián)儲降息是為了刺激經(jīng)濟,這樣就可以產(chǎn)生更多借貸。如果美聯(lián)儲長時間不降息,一些人會擔心經(jīng)濟出現(xiàn)硬著陸;但如果降息太快,一些人又會擔心通貨膨脹會反彈。這兩種情況都不利于房地產(chǎn)市場的發(fā)展。

經(jīng)濟學家尼克?維拉寫道:“即使在9月可能會出現(xiàn)本輪加息周期后的首次降息,聯(lián)邦基金利率仍將處于限制性區(qū)間,需要進一步降息,才能幫助房地產(chǎn)市場恢復到更加平衡的狀態(tài)?!?/p>

美聯(lián)儲兩年多前開始加息,導致抵押貸款利率飆升,疫情期間的抵押貸款利率歷史低點也已經(jīng)成為過去。去年10月,抵押貸款日利率達到8.03%,此后一直下降,特別是在經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)疲軟的推動下,最近幾天更是如此。昨天,抵押貸款日利率跌至52周以來的低點6.34%(不過今天又回升至6.52%)。但抵押貸款利率只是其中一個影響因素。在所有抵押貸款利率波動之前,房價已大幅上漲。即使房價上漲速度放緩,情況也沒有逆轉(zhuǎn),市場沒有恢復到平衡狀態(tài)。他寫道,“租房成本約15年都高于買房成本,現(xiàn)在買房成本高過了租房成本,” 而且兩者之間的差距最終達到了有記錄以來的最高點。

維拉繼續(xù)寫道:“降息肯定會有所幫助,但根據(jù)截至2024年6月的現(xiàn)房中位數(shù)價格,30年期固定抵押貸款利率降低25至50個基點并不足以扭轉(zhuǎn)局面,使租房成本再次超過買房成本。大致來說,根據(jù)中位數(shù)房價,30年期固定抵押貸款利率需要降至5.25%以下才能達到扭轉(zhuǎn)局面的效果?!保ǜ鶕?jù)截至6月的最新可用數(shù)據(jù),現(xiàn)房的中位數(shù)售價為426,900美元;新房的中位數(shù)售價為417,300美元。)

解決方案在于供給,而影響供給的主要有兩個因素:鎖定效應(yīng)和多年來房屋建設(shè)不足導致的住房短缺。前者是一個暫時現(xiàn)象。維拉解釋稱,因為抵押貸款利率快速大幅上漲,基本上任何已經(jīng)鎖定低利率的人都不愿意放棄低利率賣掉房子,這“阻止了更多房源進入市場”。幸運的是,目前的房源供應(yīng)量比兩年前有所增加。(維拉引用全美房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀人協(xié)會(National Association of Realtors)的數(shù)據(jù)指出,2022年1月,房源售出周期僅為1.6個月(房源售出周期指按當前銷售速度計算,賣掉存量房所需的月份數(shù))。而到了今年6月,房源售出周期增加到了4.1個月。6個月被認為是供需平衡的標準。)但眾所周知,我們看到現(xiàn)房中位數(shù)售價再次創(chuàng)下歷史新高。

維拉寫道:“雖然較低的抵押貸款利率可能會釋放更多的房源供應(yīng),但歸根結(jié)底,美國存在結(jié)構(gòu)性住房赤字,需要繼續(xù)建造更多的房屋。自全球金融危機以來,美國多年的房屋建設(shè)不足,導致預(yù)計至少有190萬套的住房短缺?!?/p>

多個不同的估算均顯示,全美短缺的住房數(shù)量為數(shù)百萬套。根據(jù)穆迪的分析,美國去年建造了更多住房,而今年預(yù)計也將是一個建造勢頭強勁的年份,但僅憑這些加上一次降息并不足以解決所有問題。美聯(lián)儲主席杰羅姆?鮑威爾本人在三月初也曾明確表示:“隨著經(jīng)濟和利率的正?;?,與低利率抵押貸款鎖定以及高抵押貸款利率相關(guān)的問題,會逐步緩解。但我們?nèi)詴媾R全國性的住房短缺問題?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W(wǎng))

翻譯:郝秀

審校:汪皓

We’re in some weird times. On Friday, it was a weaker-than-expected jobs report, and on Monday, there was a global stock market meltdown. The one bright spot is that weekly mortgage rates fell to their lowest level since February, so that’s good news for potential homebuyers or those who have been waiting to refinance or sell. They could even fall further because an interest rate cut from the Federal Reserve in September is all but guaranteed. Even so, it won’t fix the country’s housing crisis.

It’s still a volatile market, and for one thing, lower mortgage rates matter less if unemployment continues to rise; it’s hard to buy a home if you’re not working and earning money. Plus, mortgage rates still haven’t hit that magic number or sweet spot at around or under 6%, so it might not be enough to bring everyone on the sidelines back in the game. Either way, it’s important to note the federal funds rate, which is sitting at a more than two-decade high, also influences borrowing costs. The point is, there’s a lot of uncertainty at the moment, and even with an interest rate cut, it won’t magically resolve the fact that there are still not enough homes to house the country’s population.

In a recently published analysis, titled “A September rate cut is not enough to relieve the housing affordability crisis,” a Moody’s economist explained the bond market has already priced in a rate cut, whether it be half a point or a quarter. The average interest rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage is correlated to yields on 10-year Treasury bonds, which have fallen to roughly 3.7%, the lowest level since May 2023. Fixed-rate mortgages and Treasury yields tend to pair together like wine and cheese. But how this will all affect the housing world is far from certain.

When the Fed cuts interest rates, it’s to stimulate the economy so more borrowing can happen, to put it simply. If the central bank waits too long, some fear the economy is in for a hard landing; if it cuts too quickly, some fear inflation will shoot back up. Neither is good for housing.

“Even with the first potential rate cut of this hiking cycle likely to occur in September, the federal funds rate would still be in restrictive territory with additional cuts needed to help restore the housing market to a more balanced equilibrium,” the economist, Nick Villa, wrote.

The Fed started raising interest rates more than two years ago, and it sent mortgage rates soaring; gone were the historical lows of the pandemic. Daily mortgage rates reached 8.03% in October last year, and they’ve gone down since then, particularly in the last few days on the back of cool and weak economic data. Yesterday daily mortgage rates hit a 52-week low, coming in at 6.34% (although they’re back up to 6.52% today). But that’s only one part of the equation: Before all the mortgage rate drama, home prices rose substantially. That hasn’t reversed, even if home price inflation has slowed. “After roughly 15 years of the cost of renting exceeding the cost of homeownership, the converse became true,” he wrote, and the difference between the two eventually became the highest on record.

Villa continued: “Rate cuts will certainly help, but based on where the median existing home price is as of June 2024, a 25- to 50-bps reduction in the 30-year fixed mortgage rate would not be enough to turn the tables such that renting becomes more expensive again. Roughly speaking, the 30-year fixed mortgage rate would need to drop below 5.25% for this to occur based on a median-priced home.” (The median existing home sale price is $426,900; the median sales price for new homes is $417,300, as of June, the latest available data).

It’s supply, that’s the solution. And there are essentially two things affecting supply: the lock-in effect and years of underbuilding that resulted in a shortfall of homes. The former is a temporary phenomenon. Basically, because mortgage rates rose considerably so swiftly, anyone who locked in a low rate before doesn’t want to sell and give it up, “preventing more supply from being released onto the market,” as Villa explained it. Luckily, there’s more supply at the moment than two years ago. (In January 2022, there was only 1.6 months’ supply—meaning the number of months it would take for inventory to sell at the current sales pace—Villa mentioned, referring to data from the National Association of Realtors, and in June, there was 4.1 months’ supply. Six months is considered balanced.) But it’s no secret that all the while, we’ve seen the median existing home sales price hit all-time high after all-time high.

“While lower mortgage rates are one possibility that could unlock more supply, at the end of the day, the country has a structural housing deficit and needs to continue building more homes,” Villa wrote, bringing us to the latter: “years of underbuilding since the Global Financial Crisis have led to an estimated housing shortage of at least 1.9 million homes.”

There are several various estimates on the extent of how many homes the country is missing, all in the millions. More housing was built last year, and this year is set to be another strong one, according to Moody’s, but that plus an interest rate cut isn’t enough to solve all. Fed Chair Jerome Powell has said as much himself: “Problems associated with low rate mortgage [lock-in] and high [mortgage] rates and all that, those will abate as the economy normalizes and as rates normalize,” he said in early March. “But we’ll still be left with a housing market nationally, where there is a housing shortage.”

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