埃隆·馬斯克不止在巴西面臨麻煩,因?yàn)閹讉€(gè)月后,他可能因?yàn)樯嫦舆`反內(nèi)容法規(guī),受到歐盟的制裁。
在南美洲最大的國(guó)家巴西,一場(chǎng)有關(guān)虛假信息的漫長(zhǎng)法律訴訟終于結(jié)束,一位法官命令關(guān)閉X平臺(tái),自8月31日起,巴西已經(jīng)無(wú)法訪問(wèn)X平臺(tái)。
但不止巴西對(duì)X平臺(tái)表示擔(dān)憂。
自馬斯克在2022年晚些時(shí)候收購(gòu)Twitter以來(lái),全球的政客和數(shù)字權(quán)利組織曾多次對(duì)他的行為表示擔(dān)憂,包括解雇許多負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)容審查和維持與歐盟監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)系的員工。
馬斯克“言論自由絕對(duì)主義者”的態(tài)度,與布魯塞爾產(chǎn)生了沖突。
歐盟可能會(huì)在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)決定對(duì)X采取措施,包括罰款,因?yàn)闅W盟當(dāng)前正在調(diào)查X平臺(tái)是否違反了《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》(Digital Services Act)。這是一項(xiàng)具有里程碑意義的內(nèi)容審查法案。
雖然歐盟目前尚未做出決定,但如果歐盟對(duì)X平臺(tái)處以罰款,罰款金額可能達(dá)到X年度全球營(yíng)業(yè)額的6%,除非該公司根據(jù)歐盟的要求進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
但如果參考馬斯克以往的反應(yīng),他可能再次選擇與歐盟硬碰硬。
今年7月,當(dāng)歐盟指控X的欺詐行為違反了《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》時(shí),馬斯克曾警告稱:“我們期待著在法庭公開(kāi)交鋒?!?/p>
一個(gè)月后,馬斯克與歐盟科技領(lǐng)域的執(zhí)法主管蒂埃里·布雷頓在社交媒體上爆發(fā)口水戰(zhàn),雙方之間的關(guān)系更加緊張。
在馬斯克與美國(guó)總統(tǒng)候選人唐納德·特朗普在X平臺(tái)的直播訪談幾個(gè)小時(shí)前,布雷頓在一封信中提醒馬斯克,稱他有阻止“有害內(nèi)容”在X平臺(tái)上傳播的法律義務(wù)。
馬斯克嘲笑布雷頓,分享了一張帶有粗俗信息的梗圖。
歐盟封禁X的“可能性極低”
雖然雙方言語(yǔ)交鋒激烈,但歐盟數(shù)字監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐盟委員會(huì)堅(jiān)稱,歐盟正在與X展開(kāi)對(duì)話。
歐盟委員會(huì)數(shù)字發(fā)言人托馬斯·雷尼爾對(duì)法新社表示:“X繼續(xù)配合委員會(huì)的工作,并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題?!?/p>
專家們也認(rèn)為,在由27國(guó)組成的歐盟,不太可能像巴西一樣關(guān)閉X,盡管歐盟有這樣做的法定權(quán)利。
《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》允許歐盟要求愛(ài)爾蘭(X歐盟總部所在地)法官命令X在停止侵權(quán)之前暫停運(yùn)營(yíng)。
布雷頓曾多次表示“歐洲會(huì)毫不猶豫地采取必要的措施”。
但X擁有約1.06億歐盟用戶,遠(yuǎn)高于巴西的2,200萬(wàn),因此人們認(rèn)為,馬斯克肯定不想冒險(xiǎn),押注歐洲不會(huì)采取類似行動(dòng)。
智庫(kù)歐洲監(jiān)管中心(Centre on Regulation in Europe)的亞歷山大·德·斯特里爾表示:“顯然,我們不能完全排除這種可能性,但可能性極低?!?/p>
無(wú)論未來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么,斯特里爾認(rèn)為,該案件最終可能進(jìn)入歐盟法院,他稱X是“最不配合”歐盟的公司。
歐洲數(shù)字權(quán)利倡議組織的揚(yáng)·本弗萊特表示,封禁X是“最后的手段”,X在歐盟“可能”不會(huì)關(guān)閉。
本弗萊特表示:“我希望歐盟委員會(huì)在決定封禁X之前要經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮,因?yàn)檫@樣的(禁令)將對(duì)言論自由和獲取信息的權(quán)利產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的負(fù)面影響?!?/p>
歐盟的X檔案
今年7月,歐盟委員會(huì)指控X對(duì)認(rèn)證賬戶使用藍(lán)色認(rèn)證標(biāo)志對(duì)用戶有誤導(dǎo)性,廣告透明度不足,并且沒(méi)有為研究人員提供訪問(wèn)該平臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)的權(quán)限。
這項(xiàng)指控是歐盟在去年12月對(duì)X啟動(dòng)的大規(guī)模調(diào)查的一部分,監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)目前仍在調(diào)查它如何應(yīng)對(duì)非法內(nèi)容傳播和信息操縱等情況。
X平臺(tái)目前可以訪問(wèn)歐盟的文件,并為自己辯護(hù),包括對(duì)歐盟委員會(huì)的調(diào)查結(jié)果做出回應(yīng)。
越來(lái)越多國(guó)家的政府對(duì)馬斯克表示不滿。今年夏天,馬斯克引起了英國(guó)政府的不滿,原因是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳播的虛假信息稱一名穆斯林難民殺害了三名女孩,結(jié)果引發(fā)騷亂。
億萬(wàn)富翁馬斯克分享了煽動(dòng)性的帖子,并聲稱英國(guó)“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不可避免”,隨后與英國(guó)政客發(fā)生了爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。馬斯克的個(gè)人X賬號(hào)有1.96億粉絲。
英國(guó)作為非歐盟成員國(guó),可以迅速執(zhí)行與《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》類似的法律,預(yù)計(jì)將于明年初開(kāi)始實(shí)施。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
埃隆·馬斯克不止在巴西面臨麻煩,因?yàn)閹讉€(gè)月后,他可能因?yàn)樯嫦舆`反內(nèi)容法規(guī),受到歐盟的制裁。
在南美洲最大的國(guó)家巴西,一場(chǎng)有關(guān)虛假信息的漫長(zhǎng)法律訴訟終于結(jié)束,一位法官命令關(guān)閉X平臺(tái),自8月31日起,巴西已經(jīng)無(wú)法訪問(wèn)X平臺(tái)。
但不止巴西對(duì)X平臺(tái)表示擔(dān)憂。
自馬斯克在2022年晚些時(shí)候收購(gòu)Twitter以來(lái),全球的政客和數(shù)字權(quán)利組織曾多次對(duì)他的行為表示擔(dān)憂,包括解雇許多負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)容審查和維持與歐盟監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)系的員工。
馬斯克“言論自由絕對(duì)主義者”的態(tài)度,與布魯塞爾產(chǎn)生了沖突。
歐盟可能會(huì)在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)決定對(duì)X采取措施,包括罰款,因?yàn)闅W盟當(dāng)前正在調(diào)查X平臺(tái)是否違反了《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》(Digital Services Act)。這是一項(xiàng)具有里程碑意義的內(nèi)容審查法案。
雖然歐盟目前尚未做出決定,但如果歐盟對(duì)X平臺(tái)處以罰款,罰款金額可能達(dá)到X年度全球營(yíng)業(yè)額的6%,除非該公司根據(jù)歐盟的要求進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
但如果參考馬斯克以往的反應(yīng),他可能再次選擇與歐盟硬碰硬。
今年7月,當(dāng)歐盟指控X的欺詐行為違反了《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》時(shí),馬斯克曾警告稱:“我們期待著在法庭公開(kāi)交鋒?!?/p>
一個(gè)月后,馬斯克與歐盟科技領(lǐng)域的執(zhí)法主管蒂埃里·布雷頓在社交媒體上爆發(fā)口水戰(zhàn),雙方之間的關(guān)系更加緊張。
在馬斯克與美國(guó)總統(tǒng)候選人唐納德·特朗普在X平臺(tái)的直播訪談幾個(gè)小時(shí)前,布雷頓在一封信中提醒馬斯克,稱他有阻止“有害內(nèi)容”在X平臺(tái)上傳播的法律義務(wù)。
馬斯克嘲笑布雷頓,分享了一張帶有粗俗信息的梗圖。
歐盟封禁X的“可能性極低”
雖然雙方言語(yǔ)交鋒激烈,但歐盟數(shù)字監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐盟委員會(huì)堅(jiān)稱,歐盟正在與X展開(kāi)對(duì)話。
歐盟委員會(huì)數(shù)字發(fā)言人托馬斯·雷尼爾對(duì)法新社表示:“X繼續(xù)配合委員會(huì)的工作,并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題?!?/p>
專家們也認(rèn)為,在由27國(guó)組成的歐盟,不太可能像巴西一樣關(guān)閉X,盡管歐盟有這樣做的法定權(quán)利。
《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》允許歐盟要求愛(ài)爾蘭(X歐盟總部所在地)法官命令X在停止侵權(quán)之前暫停運(yùn)營(yíng)。
布雷頓曾多次表示“歐洲會(huì)毫不猶豫地采取必要的措施”。
但X擁有約1.06億歐盟用戶,遠(yuǎn)高于巴西的2,200萬(wàn),因此人們認(rèn)為,馬斯克肯定不想冒險(xiǎn),押注歐洲不會(huì)采取類似行動(dòng)。
智庫(kù)歐洲監(jiān)管中心(Centre on Regulation in Europe)的亞歷山大·德·斯特里爾表示:“顯然,我們不能完全排除這種可能性,但可能性極低。”
無(wú)論未來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么,斯特里爾認(rèn)為,該案件最終可能進(jìn)入歐盟法院,他稱X是“最不配合”歐盟的公司。
歐洲數(shù)字權(quán)利倡議組織的揚(yáng)·本弗萊特表示,封禁X是“最后的手段”,X在歐盟“可能”不會(huì)關(guān)閉。
本弗萊特表示:“我希望歐盟委員會(huì)在決定封禁X之前要經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮,因?yàn)檫@樣的(禁令)將對(duì)言論自由和獲取信息的權(quán)利產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的負(fù)面影響?!?/p>
歐盟的X檔案
今年7月,歐盟委員會(huì)指控X對(duì)認(rèn)證賬戶使用藍(lán)色認(rèn)證標(biāo)志對(duì)用戶有誤導(dǎo)性,廣告透明度不足,并且沒(méi)有為研究人員提供訪問(wèn)該平臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)的權(quán)限。
這項(xiàng)指控是歐盟在去年12月對(duì)X啟動(dòng)的大規(guī)模調(diào)查的一部分,監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)目前仍在調(diào)查它如何應(yīng)對(duì)非法內(nèi)容傳播和信息操縱等情況。
X平臺(tái)目前可以訪問(wèn)歐盟的文件,并為自己辯護(hù),包括對(duì)歐盟委員會(huì)的調(diào)查結(jié)果做出回應(yīng)。
越來(lái)越多國(guó)家的政府對(duì)馬斯克表示不滿。今年夏天,馬斯克引起了英國(guó)政府的不滿,原因是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳播的虛假信息稱一名穆斯林難民殺害了三名女孩,結(jié)果引發(fā)騷亂。
億萬(wàn)富翁馬斯克分享了煽動(dòng)性的帖子,并聲稱英國(guó)“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不可避免”,隨后與英國(guó)政客發(fā)生了爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。馬斯克的個(gè)人X賬號(hào)有1.96億粉絲。
英國(guó)作為非歐盟成員國(guó),可以迅速執(zhí)行與《數(shù)字服務(wù)法案》類似的法律,預(yù)計(jì)將于明年初開(kāi)始實(shí)施。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
Elon Musk’s woes are hardly limited to Brazil as he now risks possible EU sanctions in the coming months for allegedly breaking new content rules.
Access to X has been suspended in South America’s largest country since Saturday after a long-running legal battle over disinformation ended with a judge ordering a shutdown.
But Brazil is not alone in its concerns about X.
Politicians worldwide and digital rights groups have repeatedly raised concerns about Musk’s actions since taking over what was then Twitter in late 2022, including sacking many employees tasked with content moderation and maintaining ties with EU regulators.
Musk’s “free speech absolutist” attitude has led to clashes with Brussels.
The European Union could decide within months to take action against X, including possible fines, as part of an ongoing probe into whether the platform is breaching a landmark content moderation law, the Digital Services Act (DSA).
Nothing has yet been decided but any fines could be as high as six percent of X’s annual worldwide turnover unless the company makes changes in line with EU demands.
But if Musk’s reactions are anything to go by, another showdown is on the cards.
When the EU in July accused X of deceptive practices in violation of the DSA, Musk warned: “We look forward to a very public battle in court.”
The temperature was raised even further a month later with another war of words on social media between Musk and the EU’s top tech enforcer, Thierry Breton.
Breton reminded Musk in a letter of his legal duty to stop “harmful content” from spreading on X hours before an interview with US presidential challenger Donald Trump live on the platform.
Musk responded by mocking Breton and sharing a meme that carried an obscene message.
EU ban ‘very unlikely’
Despite the bitter barbs, the European Commission, the EU’s digital watchdog, insists that dialogue with X is ongoing.
“X continues to cooperate with the commission and respond to questions,” the commission’s digital spokesman, Thomas Regnier, told AFP.
Experts also agree that a Brazil-like shutdown in the 27-country EU is unlikely, although it has the legal right.
The DSA would allow the bloc to demand a judge in Ireland, where X has its EU headquarters, order a temporary suspension until the infringements cease.
Breton has repeatedly insisted that “Europe will not hesitate to do what is necessary”.
But since X has around 106 million EU users, significantly higher than the 22 million in Brazil, the belief is that Musk would not want to risk a similar move in Europe.
“Obviously, we can never exclude it, but it is very unlikely,” said Alexandre de Streel of the think tank Centre on Regulation in Europe.
Regardless of what happens next, de Streel said the case would likely end up in the EU courts, calling X “the least cooperative company” with the bloc.
Jan Penfrat of the European Digital Rights advocacy group said a ban was “a very last resort measure” and that X would “probably” not close shop in the EU.
“I would hope that the commission thinks about this very, very hard before going there because this (a ban) would have a tremendously negative effect on the right to freedom of expression and access to information,” Penfrat said.
EU’s X-File
The commission in July accused X of misleading users with its blue checkmarks for certified accounts, insufficient advertising transparency and failing to give researchers access to the platform’s data.
That allegation is part of a wider probe into X, launched in December, and regulators are still probing how it tackles the spread of illegal content and information manipulation.
X now has access to the EU’s file and can defend itself including by replying to the commission’s findings.
The list of governments angry with Musk is growing. He also raised hackles over the summer in the UK during days of rioting sparked by online misinformation that the suspect behind a mass stabbing that killed three girls was a Muslim asylum seeker.
The billionaire, whose personal X account has 196 million users, engaged in disputes with British politicians after sharing inflammatory posts and claiming a “civil war is inevitable” in the country.
Non-EU member Britain will soon be able to implement a similar law to the DSA with enforcement expected to start next year.