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一些蛋白粉含有致癌毒素,這三種最嚴重

BETH GREENFIELD
2025-01-22

蛋白粉是很受歡迎的補劑,但最近一份報告發(fā)現,有些蛋白粉可能含有重金屬。

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美國非營利組織Clean Label Project新發(fā)布的一份報告稱,蛋白粉中除了增肌營養(yǎng)素,可能還有有毒物質鉛和鎘。

從葡萄酒、嬰兒食品到寵物食品和清潔用品,該組織檢測各種產品中的污染物,本次(和2018年一樣)檢測重點是蛋白粉補劑。截至2023年,美國蛋白粉補劑市場規(guī)模為96.9億美元,預計到2033年將增長超過一倍。

報告測試了70個暢銷蛋白粉品牌的160款產品,市場占比83%。測試產品中,47%的產品有一項超過州或聯邦安全監(jiān)管規(guī)定,其中包括相當嚴格的加州65號提案規(guī)定的有毒金屬安全限值。

有趣的是,重金屬平均污染水平最高的產品里,有機產品赫然在列。與非有機產品相比,有機產品鉛含量高出三倍,鎘含量高出一倍。

植物性蛋白粉情況也不樂觀,鉛含量比乳清蛋白粉多三倍,巧克力味蛋白粉的鉛含量比香草味蛋白粉多出四倍,這與最近關于含可可產品中存在重金屬的其他研究結果一致。

“該項研究向消費者、制造商、零售商和監(jiān)管機構敲響了警鐘,”報告指出,“由于聯邦層面缺乏專門針對膳食補劑中重金屬含量的法規(guī),行業(yè)積極采取措施應對至關重要?!?/p>

為編寫該報告,Clean Label Project對重金屬(鉛、鎘、砷、汞)和雙酚(BPA、BPS)在內的35,862種污染物進行了單獨檢測,所有污染物都可能通過環(huán)境接觸、農業(yè)生產和包裝材料進入產品。(與2018年的檢測結果相比,雙酚類物質含量大幅下降)。

在研究方法細節(jié)方面,Clean Label Project并未回應《財富》雜志的詢問。

由于報告中并未就研究結果提供更多細節(jié),一些人呼吁謹慎對待。

密歇根州立大學(Michigan State University)食品科學與人類營養(yǎng)學方面的著名教授費利西亞?吳指出,雖然重金屬濃度超過了加州65號提案的建議限值,但“報告并未透露實際數值,而且65號提案中的建議主要針對每日攝入量,不清楚Clean Label Project假定人們每天攝入多少蛋白粉?!彼a充說:“由于詳細信息缺位,我們無法判斷對人體健康的真正風險有多大。”

此外,代表膳食補劑制造商的主要行業(yè)協(xié)會Council for Responsible Nutrition對Clean Label Project缺乏“關鍵背景信息”提出了異議,稱其有可能“誤導消費者而不是加強消費者知情權”。

負責科學與監(jiān)管事務的高級副總裁安德里亞?王在網站上反駁稱:“現代分析技術甚至能檢測出土壤、空氣和水中自然存在的微量元素,比如重金屬痕量。通常遠低于美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)和美國國家環(huán)保局(EPA)等聯邦機構設定的安全限值?!?/p>

王補充說:“Clean Label Project研究結果中經常提及加州65號提案,該提案設定的限值非常嚴格,且與聯邦準則并不一致......該提案要求對超過限值的產品進行標注,而不是禁止?!?/p>

根據《毒理學報告》(Toxicology Report)雜志2020年一篇文章,Clean Label Project和Consumer Reports等獨立檢測機構至少從2010年起就開始對蛋白粉中的重金屬提出擔憂。不過該文章呼吁不必恐慌,還指出 “評估蛋白粉補劑中重金屬的健康風險時,應結合相關的背景暴露情況以及既定的健康標準,不能僅僅依據有害物質存在與否就下定論。”

攝入鉛和鎘的注意事項

根據美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局的資料,目前在鉛暴露方面尚無已知的安全水平。幼童(和胎兒)尤其容易受到負面影響,包括學習障礙、行為問題和智商下降。成年人長期接觸鉛則容易出現腎功能障礙、高血壓和神經認知問題。

鎘對心臟和其他很多器官都有毒性,根據美國食品藥物監(jiān)督管理局的規(guī)定,人體接觸鎘的閾值很低(每天每公斤或每2.2磅體重0.21-0.36微克)。攝入可能引起胃部不適、惡心和嘔吐。

那么,重金屬到底從何而來?報告解釋說,重金屬 “通過火山爆發(fā)、巖石風化和土壤侵蝕等自然過程 ”進入環(huán)境,在空氣、水和土壤中長期積累,然后進入人類食物,也會因人類工業(yè)和農業(yè)活動變得更集中。

“食物中的鉛可能來自食品種植、養(yǎng)殖或加工環(huán)境。環(huán)境中的鉛含量主要取決于自然地理構成,以及是否靠近當前或過去使用或制造含鉛產品的地方,”美國食品藥物監(jiān)督管理局解釋稱。舉例來說,以前鉛在油漆、汽油和管道材料等產品中曾廣泛使用,從而進入了環(huán)境。其中很多含鉛產品已逐步淘汰,但有一些仍然存在。

鎘和鉛一樣,可能存在于食物種植、飼養(yǎng)或加工環(huán)境中,而且會因金屬制造情況及其對土壤的影響有所不同。例如,在使用磷肥的地區(qū)以及有冶煉、采礦和化石燃料燃燒等活動的地區(qū),鎘的含量可能更高。

美國食品藥物監(jiān)督管理局負責監(jiān)測管理食品中的鉛含量。然而,雖然蛋白粉等營養(yǎng)補劑同樣受到監(jiān)管,但通常是事后監(jiān)管。

如何保證安全?

為完成研究,Clean Label Project測試了 “尼爾森(Nielsen)和亞馬遜(Amazon)暢銷榜上最暢銷的160款蛋白粉。不過,該報告未點名測試的產品,亞馬遜上該品類暢銷榜也經常變化。

報告確實列出了部分經認證的產品,其中一些是素食產品,包括英國的Genetic Nutrition;Ritual;Oziva;Puori;Wellbeing Nutrition;Wicked Protein;Nutrabox;Gorilla。

最近專家告訴《財富》雜志,完全不吃蛋白粉也沒問題,因為大多數人都不需要,而是更喜歡從天然食物中攝取蛋白質。說到底,食物中的蛋白質可能已經足夠了。(財富中文網)

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

美國非營利組織Clean Label Project新發(fā)布的一份報告稱,蛋白粉中除了增肌營養(yǎng)素,可能還有有毒物質鉛和鎘。

從葡萄酒、嬰兒食品到寵物食品和清潔用品,該組織檢測各種產品中的污染物,本次(和2018年一樣)檢測重點是蛋白粉補劑。截至2023年,美國蛋白粉補劑市場規(guī)模為96.9億美元,預計到2033年將增長超過一倍。

報告測試了70個暢銷蛋白粉品牌的160款產品,市場占比83%。測試產品中,47%的產品有一項超過州或聯邦安全監(jiān)管規(guī)定,其中包括相當嚴格的加州65號提案規(guī)定的有毒金屬安全限值。

有趣的是,重金屬平均污染水平最高的產品里,有機產品赫然在列。與非有機產品相比,有機產品鉛含量高出三倍,鎘含量高出一倍。

植物性蛋白粉情況也不樂觀,鉛含量比乳清蛋白粉多三倍,巧克力味蛋白粉的鉛含量比香草味蛋白粉多出四倍,這與最近關于含可可產品中存在重金屬的其他研究結果一致。

“該項研究向消費者、制造商、零售商和監(jiān)管機構敲響了警鐘,”報告指出,“由于聯邦層面缺乏專門針對膳食補劑中重金屬含量的法規(guī),行業(yè)積極采取措施應對至關重要?!?/p>

為編寫該報告,Clean Label Project對重金屬(鉛、鎘、砷、汞)和雙酚(BPA、BPS)在內的35,862種污染物進行了單獨檢測,所有污染物都可能通過環(huán)境接觸、農業(yè)生產和包裝材料進入產品。(與2018年的檢測結果相比,雙酚類物質含量大幅下降)。

在研究方法細節(jié)方面,Clean Label Project并未回應《財富》雜志的詢問。

由于報告中并未就研究結果提供更多細節(jié),一些人呼吁謹慎對待。

密歇根州立大學(Michigan State University)食品科學與人類營養(yǎng)學方面的著名教授費利西亞?吳指出,雖然重金屬濃度超過了加州65號提案的建議限值,但“報告并未透露實際數值,而且65號提案中的建議主要針對每日攝入量,不清楚Clean Label Project假定人們每天攝入多少蛋白粉?!彼a充說:“由于詳細信息缺位,我們無法判斷對人體健康的真正風險有多大?!?/p>

此外,代表膳食補劑制造商的主要行業(yè)協(xié)會Council for Responsible Nutrition對Clean Label Project缺乏“關鍵背景信息”提出了異議,稱其有可能“誤導消費者而不是加強消費者知情權”。

負責科學與監(jiān)管事務的高級副總裁安德里亞?王在網站上反駁稱:“現代分析技術甚至能檢測出土壤、空氣和水中自然存在的微量元素,比如重金屬痕量。通常遠低于美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)和美國國家環(huán)保局(EPA)等聯邦機構設定的安全限值。”

王補充說:“Clean Label Project研究結果中經常提及加州65號提案,該提案設定的限值非常嚴格,且與聯邦準則并不一致......該提案要求對超過限值的產品進行標注,而不是禁止?!?/p>

根據《毒理學報告》(Toxicology Report)雜志2020年一篇文章,Clean Label Project和Consumer Reports等獨立檢測機構至少從2010年起就開始對蛋白粉中的重金屬提出擔憂。不過該文章呼吁不必恐慌,還指出 “評估蛋白粉補劑中重金屬的健康風險時,應結合相關的背景暴露情況以及既定的健康標準,不能僅僅依據有害物質存在與否就下定論?!?/p>

攝入鉛和鎘的注意事項

根據美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局的資料,目前在鉛暴露方面尚無已知的安全水平。幼童(和胎兒)尤其容易受到負面影響,包括學習障礙、行為問題和智商下降。成年人長期接觸鉛則容易出現腎功能障礙、高血壓和神經認知問題。

鎘對心臟和其他很多器官都有毒性,根據美國食品藥物監(jiān)督管理局的規(guī)定,人體接觸鎘的閾值很低(每天每公斤或每2.2磅體重0.21-0.36微克)。攝入可能引起胃部不適、惡心和嘔吐。

那么,重金屬到底從何而來?報告解釋說,重金屬 “通過火山爆發(fā)、巖石風化和土壤侵蝕等自然過程 ”進入環(huán)境,在空氣、水和土壤中長期積累,然后進入人類食物,也會因人類工業(yè)和農業(yè)活動變得更集中。

“食物中的鉛可能來自食品種植、養(yǎng)殖或加工環(huán)境。環(huán)境中的鉛含量主要取決于自然地理構成,以及是否靠近當前或過去使用或制造含鉛產品的地方,”美國食品藥物監(jiān)督管理局解釋稱。舉例來說,以前鉛在油漆、汽油和管道材料等產品中曾廣泛使用,從而進入了環(huán)境。其中很多含鉛產品已逐步淘汰,但有一些仍然存在。

鎘和鉛一樣,可能存在于食物種植、飼養(yǎng)或加工環(huán)境中,而且會因金屬制造情況及其對土壤的影響有所不同。例如,在使用磷肥的地區(qū)以及有冶煉、采礦和化石燃料燃燒等活動的地區(qū),鎘的含量可能更高。

美國食品藥物監(jiān)督管理局負責監(jiān)測管理食品中的鉛含量。然而,雖然蛋白粉等營養(yǎng)補劑同樣受到監(jiān)管,但通常是事后監(jiān)管。

如何保證安全?

為完成研究,Clean Label Project測試了 “尼爾森(Nielsen)和亞馬遜(Amazon)暢銷榜上最暢銷的160款蛋白粉。不過,該報告未點名測試的產品,亞馬遜上該品類暢銷榜也經常變化。

報告確實列出了部分經認證的產品,其中一些是素食產品,包括英國的Genetic Nutrition;Ritual;Oziva;Puori;Wellbeing Nutrition;Wicked Protein;Nutrabox;Gorilla。

最近專家告訴《財富》雜志,完全不吃蛋白粉也沒問題,因為大多數人都不需要,而是更喜歡從天然食物中攝取蛋白質。說到底,食物中的蛋白質可能已經足夠了。(財富中文網)

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

A new report by the Clean Label Project has found that protein powders may contain something other than muscle-building nutrients: lead and cadmium, both of which are toxic.

The national nonprofit, which tests for various contaminants in products from wine and baby food to pet food and cleaning products, this time (like in 2018) focused on protein supplements—a $9.69 billion market in the U.S. as of 2023 that’s expected to more than double by 2033.

The report tested 160 products from 70 of the top-selling protein powder brands representing 83% of the market. Of the products tested, 47% exceeded one state or federal regulatory rule for safety, including California’s strict Proposition 65 safety thresholds for toxic metals.

Among those with the highest levels of heavy metal contamination on average, interestingly, were the organic products—which showed three times more lead and twice the amount of cadmium compared to non-organic products.

Plant-based protein powders also did not fare well, showing three times more lead than whey-based alternatives—while chocolate-flavored powders contained four times more lead than vanilla, aligning with other recent findings of heavy metals being present in cocoa-containing products.

“This study serves as a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, retailers, and regulators alike,” the report notes. “With the lack of comprehensive federal regulations specifically addressing heavy metals in dietary supplements, it is critical that the industry independently takes proactive measures.”

For the report, the Clean Label Project conducted 35,862 individual tests on contaminants including heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) and bisphenols (BPA, BPS), all of which can enter the products through environmental exposure, agricultural practices, and packaging materials. (Bisphenol levels were down significantly from its 2018 study results.)

The Clean Label Project did not respond to Fortune’s requests for more details about its methodology.

And because it does not offer many specifics in the report about its findings, some are urging caution.

Felicia Wu, Michigan State University distinguished professor of food science and human nutrition, notes that, while the heavy metal concentrations exceed California’s Proposition 65 recommended limits, “this report did not reveal what the actual numbers are, and the Prop 65 recommendations are for amounts per day—so it is unclear how much CLP assumed people were consuming protein powder every day.” She adds, “Without this more detailed information, we cannot say what the real risk to human health is.”

Further, the Council for Responsible Nutrition—which, notably, is the leading trade association representing dietary supplement manufacturers—has taken issue with what it calls the Clean Label Project’s lack of “critical context” and its risk of “misleading consumers rather than empowering them.”

In a rebuttal on its website, Andrea Wong, senior vice president of scientific and regulatory affairs, notes, “Modern analytical techniques can detect even trace levels of naturally occurring elements, such as heavy metals, which are present in soil, air, and water. These trace levels are often well below established safety thresholds set by federal agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).”

Wong adds, “California Proposition 65, frequently referenced in CLP’s findings, imposes limits that are uniquely stringent and not aligned with federal guidelines… and it requires labeling of products over that amount, not a ban on them.”

Independent testing organizations, including both the Clean Label Project and Consumer Reports, have been raising concerns about heavy metals found in protein powders since at least 2010, according to a 2020 article in the journal Toxicology Report. But, that article urges, it’s important not to instantly panic, noting that “health risks of heavy metals in protein powder supplements should be conducted within the context of relevant background exposures and established health based standards instead of the presence of hazardous substances alone.”

What to know about lead and cadmium ingestion

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, there is no known safe level of lead exposure. The very young (and in utero) are especially vulnerable to negative effects, which can include learning disabilities, behavior problems, and lowered IQ. Adults are prone to kidney dysfunction, hypertension, and neurocognitive issues from chronic exposure.

For exposure to cadmium, which is toxic to the heart and many other organs, there is a low threshold (0.21-0.36 mcg per kilogram, or per 2.2 pounds, of body weight per day), according to the FDA. Ingestion may cause stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting.

So where do the heavy metals come from? While they enter the environment “through natural processes like volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, and soil erosion,” accumulating in air, water, and soil over time before making their way into human food sources, the report explains, they can also become more concentrated from human industrial and agricultural activities.

“Lead may be present in food from the environment where foods are grown, raised, or processed,” explains the FDA. Levels of lead in the environment can vary depending on natural geographical makeup and proximity to current or past use or manufacturing of products made with lead.” For example, the FDA says, lead has entered the environment from the past widespread use of lead in products including paint, gasoline, and plumbing materials—and many have been phased out, but not all.

Cadmium, like lead, may be present in food from the environment where foods are grown, raised, or processed and can vary depending on past use of manufacturing with the metal and its effect on soil. It can be found at higher levels, for example, in areas where phosphate fertilizers are used and where processes such as smelting, mining, and burning of fossil fuels takes place.

The FDA monitors and regulates levels of lead in foods. But while supplements, including protein powders, are also regulated by the FDA, that’s typically done after they’re on the market.

So how to play it safest?

To conduct its tests, the Clean Label Project tested “160 of the top-selling protein powders, sourced from Nielsen and Amazon’s best-seller lists.” The report, however, does not namecheck any products tested and the top best-selling such products on Amazon changes frequently.

The report does list Clean Label–certified options, some of which are vegan, from the following companies: Genetic Nutrition (from the U.K.); Ritual; Oziva; Puori; Wellbeing Nutrition; Wicked Protein; Nutrabox; Gorilla.

You could also abstain altogether from protein powders, which most people do not need, experts recently told Fortune, preferring for protein to come from whole foods. And you’re likely getting enough protein, anyway, from food sources.

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