??? 今年2月，我參加了CommonPitch活動(dòng)，結(jié)果我的疑心更重了。這次活動(dòng)邀請(qǐng)了面向協(xié)作消費(fèi)的初創(chuàng)公司的創(chuàng)業(yè)者，讓他們向著名專(zhuān)家組成的小組闡述自己的想法。除了時(shí)間限制太短，無(wú)法真正解釋清楚他們的理念（更不用說(shuō)他們關(guān)于減少浪費(fèi)和公共建設(shè)的具體想法）之外，在他們的闡述中還存在著一個(gè)明顯的傾向。有些創(chuàng)業(yè)者不是在尋找重新思考消費(fèi)方式以減少浪費(fèi)的方法，而是在尋找以前在“真正的”浪費(fèi)領(lǐng)域，有哪些賺錢(qián)的機(jī)會(huì)，但卻錯(cuò)過(guò)了。只有當(dāng)初創(chuàng)公司找到了創(chuàng)造或參與已有對(duì)等關(guān)系的正確方法時(shí)，他們才有可能賺到這些利潤(rùn)。

????Common Pitch活動(dòng)中有兩個(gè)這樣的例子特別突出：有個(gè)初創(chuàng)公司的想法是“在聚會(huì)上募集資金是件非常尷尬的事情，為什么不讓我們來(lái)處理這件事呢？”，而另一個(gè)公司的想法是“如果你可以把自己的自行車(chē)租出去掙錢(qián)，為什么還要讓它閑置呢？”。把創(chuàng)造類(lèi)的擔(dān)憂(yōu)（聚會(huì)和騎車(chē)）和經(jīng)濟(jì)類(lèi)的方法（將之貨幣化！）結(jié)合起來(lái)，這真是奇怪！我在想，這真是雷切爾?波特曼在向全世界介紹協(xié)作消費(fèi)這個(gè)概念時(shí)所贊揚(yáng)的那種東西嗎？我回過(guò)頭，重新查看了TED大會(huì)上的講話。

????第二次查看時(shí)，幾個(gè)矛盾出現(xiàn)了，最明顯之處在于這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的口號(hào)以及“協(xié)作”（共同創(chuàng)造）和“消費(fèi)”（攝取或破壞）對(duì)立面的結(jié)合。而且，通過(guò)Swaptree網(wǎng)站用《欲望都市》（Sex in the City）DVD交換《24小時(shí)》（24）DVD的人被波特曼稱(chēng)為使用“令陌生人彼此信任”技術(shù)的“高能力協(xié)作者”。但這種說(shuō)法很奇怪。信任不必依靠第三方的保障，比如有種系統(tǒng)，要是已經(jīng)注冊(cè)該系統(tǒng)的交換方行為不端，那么這個(gè)系統(tǒng)就會(huì)確保他得到差評(píng)。難道不是這樣嗎？

????最令人不解的是這種觀點(diǎn)：分享是人的天性，因?yàn)椤拔覀兪窃尺M(jìn)化而來(lái)，天生就是為了分享”，但“技術(shù)使得分享沒(méi)有了摩擦并變得有趣”，因?yàn)閰f(xié)作消費(fèi)最終不是“在沙箱里做好人”。那么，分享到底是人類(lèi)天生的傾向，還是我們天生拒絕分享，因此需要“快感”系統(tǒng)的幫助，我們才會(huì)做出正確的事？技術(shù)“帶來(lái)了信任”，正如人們深情地所說(shuō)的那樣，還是說(shuō)，它只是在強(qiáng)加責(zé)任？

????總體上說(shuō)，我喜歡這些服務(wù)（Netflix極其方便，Airbnb提供了新的旅行方式，Skillshare以非傳統(tǒng)的方式把老師和學(xué)生聯(lián)系到了一起），但我懷疑，協(xié)作消費(fèi)并沒(méi)有從根本上改變我們的消費(fèi)方式，而只是改變了我們作為消費(fèi)者看待自己的方式。正如許多人已經(jīng)指出的那樣，我們的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣早就已經(jīng)塑造了我們的特性，這種特性的展現(xiàn)可能比消費(fèi)本身的最初行為越來(lái)越重要。如今，很多人的個(gè)人購(gòu)買(mǎi)力都在減退，協(xié)作消費(fèi)這種方式是否只是跟以前的有機(jī)/可持續(xù)消費(fèi)等“好”模式一樣，不僅根據(jù)我們購(gòu)物的內(nèi)容，還根據(jù)我們的購(gòu)物方式來(lái)定義我們自己？如果“購(gòu)買(mǎi)”變得更像是“分享”，我們是否就能感覺(jué)好點(diǎn)？另外，考慮到工作崗位短缺，難以滿(mǎn)足文科學(xué)位持有者的期望，出租多余物品的情況是否會(huì)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，甚至“創(chuàng)造性”地解決不充分就業(yè)問(wèn)題？

????交易、方便、效率、減少浪費(fèi)，似乎協(xié)作消費(fèi)為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些美好的東西帶來(lái)了新的可能性。然而，創(chuàng)造力、團(tuán)結(jié)、分享和信任彼此來(lái)自于人性，而并不是主要來(lái)自于系統(tǒng)或者消費(fèi)方式（這是《分享雜志》提出的觀點(diǎn)）。因?yàn)猷従邮褂昧四愕你@子而收點(diǎn)錢(qián)（盡管這確實(shí)很尷尬），通過(guò)使用Zipcar的服務(wù)來(lái)降低交通費(fèi)用，或者通過(guò)郵遞交換DVD，這些都沒(méi)有什么錯(cuò)，但我們不要因此就假裝自己是在拯救世界，是在做個(gè)更好的人，或者真的是在（因?yàn)殛P(guān)懷）而分享。

????譯者：千牛絮

????My skepticism grew sharper in February when I attended CommonPitch, an event which invited entrepreneurs with collaborative consumption-oriented start-ups to pitch their ideas to a celebrity panel of experts. Besides the fact that the time limits were too short for any real examination of the concepts (much less their implications for waste reduction and community building), there was a noticeable trend among the pitches. Rather than identifying ways to reconsider consumption to reduce waste, some entrepreneurs seemed to be identifying areas where the real waste was a missed opportunity for profit -- profit that a start-up might claim if only they could find the right way to create or insert themselves into an existing peer-to-peer relationship.

????Two such examples at Common Pitch stood out: a start-up based on the notion that "collecting money at a party is so awkward, why not let us handle the transaction?" and another along the lines of "why let your bike just sit there when you could rent it out for money?" It was an odd combination of creative class concerns (parties and bike rides) with a financial class approach (monetize it!). I wondered, is this really what Rachel Botsman was celebrating when she introduced collaborative consumption to the world? I went back and re-watched the TED talk.

????Upon second viewing, several contradictions stood out, the most obvious being the title of the movement and its union of opposites in "collaborate" (joint effort of creation) and "consume" (to ingest or destroy). Also, Botsman's description of people who trade DVDs of "Sex in the City" for "24" through Swaptree as "highly enabled collaborators" using technology that "enables trust between strangers," struck a strange note. Isn't the definition of trust not needing to rely on a third party's insurance, such as a system that ensures your fellow registered swapper will be subject to poor ratings should she misbehave?

????Most confusing were the assertions that sharing is natural because "we're monkeys, born and bred to share," but that "technology makes sharing frictionless and fun," because ultimately, collaborative consumption is not about playing "nicely in the sandbox." So, is sharing an innate human tendency, or do we inherently reject it and need "fun" systems to help us do what's right? Is technology "enabling trust," as it is so lovingly put, or really just enforcing accountability?

????While I'm a fan of these services in a general sense (Netflix is incredibly convenient, Airbnb offers new ways to travel, Skillshare brings teachers and students together in non-traditional ways), I wonder if collaborative consumption isn't fundamentally changing how we consume, just how we might see ourselves as consumers. As many have noted, our identities have long been shapedbyourconsumptionhabits, and increasingly, the display of that identity is possibly more important the original act of consumption itself. At a time when personal purchasing power is on the decline for many of us, is collaborative consumption, like the "good" form of organic/sustainable consumption before it, a way to define ourselves not only by what we buy but how we buy? If that "buy" becomes more like "share" do we feel better about it? Additionally, given the deficit of jobs to match the expectations of a vast class of liberal arts degree holders, does the prospect of renting out our extra stuff become a realistic, even "creative" solution to underemployment?

????Deals, convenience, efficiency, waste-reduction - there seem to be new possibilities for these wonderful things with collaborative consumption. Creativity, togetherness, sharing, and trust in each other, however, come from us -- human beings -- not primarily from systems or styles of consumption (apointmadeonShareable). There's nothing wrong with making a buck off your neighbor for use of your drill (however awkward that might actually be), or lowering your transportation costs by signing up for Zipcar, or trading DVDs through the mail; let's just not pretend we're saving the world, being better people, or truly sharing (in the caring sense) as a result.