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專(zhuān)欄 - 財(cái)富書(shū)簽

杰弗里?薩克斯非洲扶貧試驗(yàn)破產(chǎn)之謎

Erika Fry 2013年10月15日

《財(cái)富》書(shū)簽(Weekly Read)專(zhuān)欄專(zhuān)門(mén)刊載《財(cái)富》雜志(Fortune)編輯團(tuán)隊(duì)的書(shū)評(píng),解讀商界及其他領(lǐng)域的新書(shū)。我們每周都會(huì)選登一篇新的評(píng)論。
作家尼娜?芒克在新書(shū)《理想主義者:杰弗里?薩克斯消除貧困的探索》中審視了全球著名發(fā)展問(wèn)題專(zhuān)家薩克斯在非洲的扶貧項(xiàng)目遭遇滑鐵盧的經(jīng)歷。薩克斯的狂妄自大、脫離實(shí)際固然是一方面的原因,但另一方面它也證明,消除貧困是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期而復(fù)雜的過(guò)程。

????尼娜?芒克的新書(shū)《理想主義者:杰弗里?薩克斯和他對(duì)消除貧困的探索》明確了一件事:消除貧困并不是件容易的事。即使對(duì)薩克斯來(lái)說(shuō)也是一樣,這位卓有名望而且不屈不撓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家2005年時(shí)曾在自己的著作《終結(jié)貧困》中聲稱(chēng)這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以得到解決。他表示,借助深思熟慮的規(guī)劃以及來(lái)自發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家更多的一點(diǎn)幫助,我們甚至到2025年就能消除貧困。

????但薩克斯的探索——他在撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)的少數(shù)村莊進(jìn)行了實(shí)踐,即千禧村項(xiàng)目(MVP)——似乎處處碰壁。一處牲畜市場(chǎng)在開(kāi)辦兩個(gè)月之后即遭到拋棄;村民把(旨在預(yù)防瘧疾的)新蚊帳用在了山羊身上;運(yùn)水的驢子死掉了;醫(yī)院的發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)生了故障;萬(wàn)眾期待的香蕉粉和菠蘿市場(chǎng)永遠(yuǎn)未能成形;而且,由于那里沒(méi)有市場(chǎng)或本地存儲(chǔ)設(shè)施,當(dāng)?shù)氐挠衩纂m然借助化肥和高產(chǎn)種子獲得了大豐收,但最終卻喂了老鼠。

????在其它情況下,這些小失敗可以算作汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn);當(dāng)你在幾乎沒(méi)有得到開(kāi)發(fā)的地方嘗試改善人們的生活,你要做好心理準(zhǔn)備,遭遇一系列挫折和錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。但薩克斯帶著數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元來(lái)到非洲,擁有權(quán)貴人士的關(guān)系網(wǎng),卻很少考慮在他之前援助社區(qū)所做的努力,所以,他的失敗給讀者留下的印象不僅僅是令人失望,而且是活該。

????芒克是《名利場(chǎng)》(Vanity Fair)雜志的特約編輯,以前還曾經(jīng)是《財(cái)富》的專(zhuān)欄作家,她將一個(gè)6個(gè)月的雜志報(bào)道任務(wù)擴(kuò)展為這個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)6年的書(shū)籍項(xiàng)目。芒克從未告訴讀者她自己對(duì)于薩克斯的真實(shí)看法,直到這本書(shū)的倒數(shù)第二段。她不必那樣做,她的報(bào)告生動(dòng)地講述了一個(gè)狂妄自大的人的故事。薩克斯是一個(gè)具有吸引力的人物,他在之前取得過(guò)大膽的功績(jī)——例如,他在30多歲的時(shí)候說(shuō)服玻利維亞、波蘭和俄羅斯的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)他們國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)施“休克療法”——但芒克明確寫(xiě)道,盡管薩克斯擁有不凡的技能和智利,但他承諾在短短5年內(nèi)讓數(shù)十個(gè)非洲村莊脫離貧困這件事(他計(jì)劃在非洲大陸推廣這種模式)依然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了他的能力所及。

????芒克是一位優(yōu)秀的作家,擁有鋪陳額外生動(dòng)細(xì)節(jié)的能力,她成功讓可能很乏味的主題——對(duì)外援助的政治;烏干達(dá)馬托基(matoke,煮過(guò)的新鮮香蕉——譯注)市場(chǎng)的復(fù)雜細(xì)節(jié);非政府組織在抗瘧疾工作上的明爭(zhēng)暗斗——形成一本十分生動(dòng)、有時(shí)甚至顯得饒有趣味的書(shū)。

????One thing is made clear in Nina Munk's new book, The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, it's that solving poverty isn't easy. Not even for Sachs, the celebrated and indefatigable economist who proclaimed it was eminently solvable in 2005, in his book "The End of Poverty." With thoughtful planning and just a little more help from the developed world, we could even do it by 2025, he argued.

????But Sachs's quest—which plays out in the handful of villages in sub-Saharan Africa that comprise his Millennium Villages Project (MVP)—seems to falter at every turn. A livestock market is abandoned two months after it opens. Villagers use their new mosquito nets (distributed to prevent malaria) on goats. Water-carrying donkeys drop dead. Hospital generators break down. Much-anticipated markets for banana flour and pineapple never materialize. And, because there is no market or local storage facilities, a bumper crop of maize—thanks to fertilizer and high-yield seeds—goes to the rats.

????In any other case, these small failings might be chalked up as lessons learned; expected setbacks and complications in trying to improve lives in hard and barely developed places. But for Sachs, who arrived in Africa with millions of dollars, a rolodex to the rich and powerful, and little regard for the efforts of the aid community that came before him, readers are left with the sense that these unimpressive results are more than disappointing. They're a deserved comeuppance.

????Munk, a contributing editor at Vanity Fair and former Fortune writer, stretched a six-month magazine assignment into this six-year book project. She never tells readers exactly how she feels about Sachs until the second to last paragraph of the book. She doesn't have to. Her reporting yields a rich parable of one man's hubris. Sachs is a fascinating figure who has achieved audacious things before—like convincing leaders of Bolivia, Poland and Russia to administer "shock therapy" to their economies while in his thirties—but Munk makes clear his promise to pull a dozen African villages out of poverty in just five years (a model he plans to scale across the continent) is beyond even his considerable skill and intellect.

????A fine writer with a gift for deploying spare, vivid detail, Munk overcomes the burden of what could be duller-than-dirt subject matter—the politics of foreign aid; the ins and outs of Uganda's matoke market; NGO infighting over anti-malaria efforts—into a lively and at times, quite funny book.

????芒克的敘述將她在實(shí)地的所見(jiàn)所聞編織在一起——她主要觀(guān)察了兩座村莊——這些見(jiàn)聞通常是很多千禧村項(xiàng)目工作人員的辛勤努力,以及薩克斯高來(lái)高去的足跡,他會(huì)乘坐裝有空調(diào)的裝甲SUV在非洲巡游。這種并列對(duì)比的反差并不小,而薩克斯本人也是一樣。這本書(shū)記錄了一個(gè)場(chǎng)景,在薩克斯走下飛抵達(dá)累斯薩拉姆的航班時(shí),他沖著一位乘客(一位寄生蟲(chóng)專(zhuān)家)大喊大叫——“這些人的死亡是你一手造成的!”——因?yàn)楹笳叻磳?duì)他發(fā)起的免費(fèi)發(fā)放蚊帳的活動(dòng)。跟這個(gè)地區(qū)的其他援助工作者一樣,這位寄生蟲(chóng)學(xué)家花了幾年時(shí)間發(fā)展起一門(mén)私人的蚊帳生意,他并不希望免費(fèi)分發(fā)蚊帳毀了自己的努力。

????Her narrative weaves together scenes from the field—she focuses on two villages— usually chronicling the many travails of MVP staff, and scenes trailing the jet-set Sachs, who rides around Africa in armored, air-conditioned SUVs. The juxtaposition is not subtle but neither is Sachs, who, at one point in the book, while disembarking a flight in Dar es Salaam, shouts down a fellow passenger (a parasitologist)—"These deaths are on your hands!"— for opposing his campaign to distribute mosquito nets. The parasitologist, like other aid workers in the region, had spent recent years developing a private mosquito net industry and didn't want to undo the work by giving nets out for free.

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